Abstract:
Cystinuria, an inheritable hyper-aminoaciduria leading to recurrent cystine nephrolithiasis and progressive renal insufficiency is caused by mutations in either the SLC3A1/rBAT or SLC7A9 b0,+AT genes. rBAT is the heavy chain of the heterodimeric amino acid exchange system b0,+, responsible for the intestinal and renal Na+-independent absorption of cystine, ornithine, arginine, and lysine. At present, over 40 mutations in the SLC3A1 gene/ hrBAT protein have been found but little is known about the functional consequences for the heterodimeric transport complex b0,+. In addition, the basic function of rBAT within the transporter complex is only poorly understood. Therefore, the functional characterization of identified rBAT mutations should allow to gather more information about the rBAT protein and the pathophysiology of cystinuria type I. Two rBAT mutations, R365W and F648S, were investigated and functionally characterized by the two- electrode-voltage-clamp method and tracer flux measurements.For the rBAT mutation F648S a markedly reduced expression without alteration of other transport characteristics was found suggesting that the rBAT F648S mutation causes a trafficking defect. Apparently the concentration of rBAT F648S at the plasma membrane is too low to perform properly. The rBAT mutation R365W showed a small reduction in the expression level and an alteration in transport function. Increasing intracellular dibasic amino acids caused an inactivation of the mutant transporter as well as a shift in the ration of homo- and hetero-exchange of intra- and extracellular amino acids.
These results suggest that the rBAT protein has at least two basic functions. First it is essential for a proper trafficking of the transporter complex from the ER to the plasma membrane and secondly it is shown for the first time that the rBAT protein is also essential for a proper transport activity of the heterodimeric amino acid transporter complex b0,+.