Abstract:
TFFs are acute phase proteins up-regulated in response to gastrointestinal mucosal damage. They promote cell migration, protect, and heal the mucosa and may function as tumorsuppressors. They are assumed to be regulated by the proinflammatory cytokines IL1beta and IL6. Following IL1beta and IL6 stimulation, expression of TFF genes was analyzed in gastrointestinal cell lines by reporter gene assays, by multiplex-RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. NFkappa-B and C/EBPbeta were transiently co-expressed. In this study, the transcription factors NFkappa-B and C/EBPbeta were functionally identified to inhibit transcription of human TFF genes. Down-regulation of TFF transcription and mRNA expression was also observed by IL1beta and IL6. Down-regulation of intestinal trefoil factor TFF3 due to transcriptional repression by IL1beta through NFkappa-B, as well as by IL6 through C/EBPbeta activation in vitro, may reflect the situation in vivo and may contribute to ulceration and decreased wound healing during IBD. Additionally, IL1 and IL6 over-expression in chronic gastritis may lead to mucosal damage and gastric carcinogenesis through transcriptional repression of TFF1 and TFF2.
Furthermore, the reversed question has been investigated: are TFF able to act in an immunomodulatory manner? Therefore, the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL- 60 and isolated PMN have been stimulated with recombinant TFF2 and TFF3 peptides and cytokine expression has been determined by multiplex-RT-PCR. In HL-60 cells differentiated to granulocytes, the involvement of TFF2 and TFF3 in cytokine expression could be answered in the negative. HL-60 cells differentiated to monocytes did not show cytokine induction at all. PMN stimulated with TFF2 and TFF3 showed induced cytokine expression, however, the effect was not TFF specific. In this study, the question whether
TFF act as mediators of the immune response could not be answered unequivocally.