Abstract:
This work addresses the influences of the transcription factor SRF, actin treadmilling and cofilin activity on mitochondrial dynamics with regard to size, (ultra)structure and trafficking.
In vivo experiments showed that SRF loss-of-function (LOF) resulted in multi-vesiculated mitochondria in corpus-callosal cross-sections and impairment of mitochondrial distribution in cortical neurons. Furthermore, ATP-content of Srf mutant brain was reduced as well as ATP-production capacity.
In vitro Srf mutant neurons displayed mitochondrial fragmentation, impaired mitochondrial occupancy and ultrastructural membrane disorganization. Furthermore, fewer mitochondria moved at slower velocities as compared to wild-type neurons. Of note, all parameters could be rescued upon overexpression of constitutively active SRF-VP16 in an Srf mutant background. Furthermore, in wild-type neurons SRF-VP16 overexpression resulted in the formation of large mitochondrial networks and increased movement velocity. These effects were SRF- as well as mitochondria-specific.
As SRF is a major regulator of actin treadmilling, the contribution of actin microfilament dynamics to mitochondria was investigated. It turned out that shifting the G/F-actin ratio towards monomeric G-actin led to mitochondrial fragmentation (similar to SRF LOF), whereas increasing the F-actin amount enlarged mitochondria and directed them to F-actin rich growth cone areas.
Furthermore, it was shown that cofilin activity regulates mitochondrial size and distribution. A constitutively active cofilin mutant as well as increasing the cofilin activity by overexpression of slingshot phosphatase rescued mitochondria as well as neurite outgrowth in Srf mutant neurons. Furthermore, a permanently inactive cofilin mutant decreased mitochondrial size and circumvented the SRF-VP16-effect on mitochondria.
This speaks in favor of an SRF-cofilin-actin axis controlling mitochondrial dynamics: SRF normally activates cofilin indirectly, leading to actin severing, formation of new F-actin filaments and subsequent positive effects on mitochondrial size as well as distribution.
Additionally, it was shown that SRF exerts a mitochondria-protective function by saving mitochondria against toxic stress or protecting them against the effects of mutant huntingtin protein. In this context SRF expression was reduced in mutant huntingtin brains which might provide a new understanding of this neurodegenerative disease.