Abstract:
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Ca2+-mediated signal transduction pathways play a central regulatory role in DC responses to diverse antigens, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, intact bacteria, and microbial toxins. However, the mechanisms leading to increased [Ca2+]i upon DC activation are poorly understood. In the present study, treatment of mouse DCs with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) or peptidoglycan (PGN, 25 µg/ml) resulted in a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i which was due to Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and influx of extracellular Ca2+ across the cell membrane. In DCs isolated from tlr2-/- mice the effect of PGN on [Ca2+]i was dramatically impaired. In whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments, LPS-induced currents exhibited properties similar to ICRAC. These currents were highly selective for Ca2+, exhibited a prominent inward rectification of the current-voltage relationship, an anomalous mole fraction and a fast Ca2+-dependent inactivation. Furthermore, the LPS- and PGN-induced incrase in [Ca2+]i was dependent on voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel activity. MHC class II expression, CCL21-dependent migration, and cytokine production decreased, whereas phagocytic activity increased in LPS- or PGN-stimulated DCs in the presence of both Kv and CRAC channel blockers. Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), assessed as phosphorylation of inhibitory molecule I kappaB, was not affected by CRAC or Kv channel blockers.
The activity of DCs is suppressed by glucocorticoids, which induce potent immunosuppressive effects. Furthermore, DCs are primary targets of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), a secosteroid hormone, that, in addition to its well-established action on Ca2+ homeostasis, possesses immunomodulatory properties. Nothing is known about the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and glucocorticoids on Ca2+ channels and transporters in DCs. The LPS-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in mouse DCs was significantly blunted by prior incubation of the cells with either 1,25(OH)2D3 (100 nM, 24 h) or dexamethasone (10 nM, overnight). It could be further shown that DCs express both, K+-independent (NCX1-3) and K+-dependent (NCKX1, 3-5), Na+/Ca2+ exchangers. The activity of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers was assessed by removal of extracellular Na+ in the presence of external Ca2+, a maneuver that triggers the entry of extracellular Ca2+ and resulted in a measurable, rapid transient increase in [Ca2+]i and an outwardly rectifying current measured in whole cell patch-clamp experiments. Both 1,25(OH)2D3 and dexamethasone enhanced the increase in [Ca2+]i and the outward current following removal of external Na+. While the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 affected K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchangers, the action of dexamethasone was directed against K+-independent Na+/Ca2+ exchangers. Furthermore, dexamethasone increased the transcript levels of NCX2 and NCX3. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 and dexamethasone blunt the LPS-induced increase in [Ca2+]i by stimulation of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger-dependent Ca2+ extrusion. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 further modulated [Ca2+]i by upregulating the Ca2+-binding protein calbindin-D28K and thereby the Ca2+ buffer capacity of the cells. The NCKX blocker 3’,4’-dichlorobenzamyl reversed the inhibitory effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on LPS-induced increase of [Ca2+]i. Expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 was down-regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 and dexamethasone, an effect reversed by 3’,4’-dichlorobenzamyl and KB-R7943, blockers of NCKX and NCX, respectively.