Abstract:
Nucleosome, the basic structure of chromatin and normal product of cell apoptosis, plays a pivotal role in both the induction and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Nucleosomes are found to circulate at high levels in patients with SLE and are thought to be one of the major autoantigens in SLE.
In the present work, it is shown for the first time that physiological concentrations of purified nucleosomes trigger the activation and recruitment of neutrophils in vitro and in vivo in a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2- and TLR4-independent manner. Nucleosomes directly induce the activation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) upon internalization, as determined by up-regulation of the cell surface molecules, CD11b and CD66b, IL-8 secretion, increased phagocytic activity and delayed apoptosis. The chemokine IL-8 is one of the most potent neutrophil chemoattractants. Serum IL-8 levels strongly correlate with the disease activity in SLE patients. Since SLE is an inflammatory disease and neutrophils are the first cells recruited to infection and inflammation sites, nucleosome-induced IL-8 secretion may thus result in enhanced inflammation via an amplification loop.
Nucleosomes induce PMN activation without the requirement of immune complex formation and independently of CpG motifs in free nucleosomal DNA, endotoxin or high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1). PMN from both normal healthy donors and patients with SLE show responsiveness to nucleosome-induced activation.
Moreover, nucleosomes probably trigger the activation of human PMN without engagement of endosomal nucleic acid-sensing TLRs. However, we identified a previously unknown subpopulation of human PMN, which do express TLR9 at the cell surface. Although nucleosomes slightly induce the up-regulation of Ly-6G and CD11b on the cell surface of bone marrow-derived neutrophils from TLR9-deficient mice, the role of TLR9 in nucleosome-induced innate immune cell activation needs further detailed investigation.
Indeed, nucleosomes trigger a previously unknown pathway of innate immunity, which provides an essential piece of the puzzle in understanding how self-tolerance is overcome in patients with SLE.