Abstract:
The venom from the leaf-nosed viper Eristocophis macmahoni was analyzed regarding its toxic effects on the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness. An IC50 value of 198 ng/ml was measured using bloodstream form parasites. By means of transmission electron microscopy, autophagic structures, membrane blebbing and cytoskeletal disorder were detected. An in vitro activity-directed isolation procedure including several HPLC separation steps was applied in order to identify the major trypanocidal compound. A primary size exclusion chromatography step yielded a fraction with maximum antitrypanosomal activity that was further separated by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). By analysis of the most active HILIC fraction using off-line ESI-MSn, the polyamine spermine was identified. Quantification of spermine within the venom showed this compound to constitute approximately 1% of the dry venom mass. Pure spermine had an IC50 value of 3.5 µM in bloodstream form T. brucei and was shown to induce autophagy in the parasites using transmission electron microscopy, even though known inhibitors of autophagy were not able to block the observed effects. However, autophagy is expected to occur in trypanosomes in a way different from most other eukaryotes. Necrosis or apoptosis were excluded by means of FACS and electron microscopic analyses. Experiments with horse serum or catalase, respectively, showed the involvement of a polyamine oxidase (PAO) activity in the fetal calf serum used for cultivation of the parasites despite excessive heat inactivation. Degradation of spermine to toxic aldehydes and H2O2 by serum PAO resulting in trypanocidal effects had been shown previously. When crude venom was applied in media without PAO activity, spermine was apparently also oxidized by intrinsic venom components, suggesting an important synergistic function of polyamines in snake venoms: the generation of toxic metabolites upon injection into the victim’s blood independently from a possible presence of polyamine oxidase in the respective organism.