Abstract:
Tumor tissues, once considered sterile, are now known to harbor bacteria that influence
cancer progression and therapy response. However, since studying these low-biomass
tumor microbiomes is challenging due to a lack of methodological standards, contami-
nation risks, and limited understanding of their biological roles, many findings remain
controversial. To address these challenges, I developed an integrative framework to
characterize tumor-resident bacteria and their interactions with host tumor features
in colorectal and liver cancers as part of my PhD studies.
Benchmarking of sequencing assays and taxonomic profilers established the colorectal
cancer (CRC) tissue microbiome as a validated reference for low- to medium-biomass
profiling. Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing (FL16S-seq) and a newly developed
dual-readout RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) protocol, termed HMR-seq, most accurately
recovered the CRC microbial signature while simultaneously providing host transcrip-
tomic data for joint analysis of microbial composition and host gene expression.
Multi-omics analyses of CRC tumor tissues combining 16S-seq rRNA gene sequencing,
untargeted metabolomics, and bulk transcriptomics revealed that tumor-resident bac-
teria associate with distinct molecular programs. I found genera such as Streptococ-
cus and Selenomonas to correlate with interferon, TNF-α, and IL6–JAK–STAT3 signaling,
whereas Fusobacterium abundance was associated with proliferative and cell-cycle-
related programs involving MYC and E2F targets.
Integrative spatial analysis using Xenium spatial transcriptomics and multiplexed mi-
crobial fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that bacteria preferentially localize
within the tumor epithelium and tertiary lymphoid structures. Bacteria-associated tu-
mor cells exhibited a de-differentiated, stem-like transcriptional state marked by ele-
vated NOTCH1, LGR5, OLFM4, and RNF43 expression.
Extending this framework to hepatic cancers revealed microbial signatures across hep-
atocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and colorectal cancer
liver metastasis (CRLM), albeit at lower biomass than in CRC. While CRLM tissues were
enriched for gut- and oral-derived taxa, primary liver cancers were dominated by gen-
era not typically seen in the gut microbiome, yet comprising species capable of (per-
sistent) human infection. Bacterial load in HCC correlated with pro-inflammatory path-
ways, and specific taxa, including Lactococcus sp., were linked to immunotherapy re-
sponse.
Together, this work establishes a unified framework to pinpoint microbe–host interac-
tions in low-biomass samples at the cellular and molecular level and generates testable
hypotheses highlighting the role of bacteria as an important component of the tumor
microenvironment.