Abstract:
Every year, significantly more individuals apply for places to study medicine than there are places available. To identify suitable applicants, selection procedures are used internationally. Within Germany's quota-based admission system, practical pre-qualifications are taken into account alongside cognitive criteria. However, little is known about their significance for the further course of study. This cumulative dissertation comprises three studies and aims to contribute to this research gap by examining relevant indicators in medical education (academic success, study satisfaction and specialty preferences) among medical students with professional and academic pre-qualifications.
As part of the dissertation project, the term “professional and academic pre-qualifications” is defined as (1) completed vocational training in the medical field, (2) a completed academic degree, and (3) voluntary service lasting at least 11 months. The data for this dissertation is based on a cross-sectional survey of all five medical faculties in Baden-Württemberg. A total of N = 2,370 medical students from various semesters (3rd, 6th, and 10th semester as well as practical year) participated. Around 28% of the study participants state that they had completed vocational training before their studies (mainly as paramedics or nurses). A total of 6% previously completed an academic degree, mostly in STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) or in other medical degree programs, and 23% state that they had completed voluntary service (mainly in healthcare).
Study 1 examines the relationship between these three pre-qualifications and academic success, which is operationalized using various success parameters (grades in the first and second state examinations, exam retakes, adherence to the standard period of study). Study 2 complements these objective, performance-related indicators with subjective academic satisfaction. A structural equation model (SEM) is used to examine differences between medical students with and without professional and academic pre-qualifications, and to analyze associations with the application of deep-processing learning strategies and the financing of studies through part-time employment. Study 3 focuses on future prospects, examining the career aspirations of medical students with different pre-qualifications. A linear mixed model is applied to examine the contribution of professional and academic pre-qualifications and career interests to interest in rural medical practice.
The results of Study 1 indicate that prior professional qualifications do not confer an advantage in terms of academic success. However, post-hoc exploratory analyses suggest a particular association between professional and academic pre-qualifications and the type of study financing. These findings are expanded upon in Study 2, where analyses show that, although financing studies through part-time employment is associated with lower satisfaction with study conditions among medical students with prior vocational training or academic degree, it is associated with higher satisfaction regarding coping with study loads. This points to the importance of part-time employment as a potential resilience factor. Finally, Study 3 shows differences in preferences for various specialist training programs, particularly for students with vocational training in the medical field or voluntary service, compared to students without these pre-qualifications. The greatest effect size is found among medical students with vocational training in terms of increased interest in specialist training in anesthesiology. However, there is no association found between professional and academic pre-qualifications and interest in working as a rural doctor.
Overall, this dissertation makes an important contribution to research on a group of medical students who are specifically considered in the admissions process under the quota system, but for whom there has been little scientific research on their course of study, so far. This dissertation therefore contributes to research into fair admission procedures and the diversification of the medical student population.