Abstract:
This study systematically investigated how prolonged in vitro culturing finally inducing replicative senescence influences the biological properties and neuroregenerative potential of jaw periosteum cell (JPCs)-derived secretome. By integrating senescence characterization, proteomic profiling, and functional neuronal assays, we demonstrate that cellular aging profoundly reshapes the paracrine landscape of JPCs and alters their capacity to support neural repair.
First, prolonged in vitro expansion induced a replicative senescence phenotype in JPCs, characterized by reduced proliferative capacity, increased SA-β-gal activity, elevated p16 expression, and activation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. Notably, this senescent state appeared predominantly p16-driven and was not accompanied by sustained p53/p21 activation or significant ROS accumulation, consistent with stabilized replicative senescence rather than acute stress-induced aging.
Second, proteomic analysis revealed extensive remodeling of the JPC secretome during senescence. Early-passage JPCs exhibited enrichment of pathways associated with extracellular matrix organization, integrin signaling, and cytoskeletal regulation, whereas late-passage JPCs showed increased representation of inflammatory, immune-related, and stress-responsive pathways. These findings indicate a functional shift from a matrix-supportive and growth-permissive secretory profile toward an immune- and stress-associated phenotype during replicative aging.
Third, functional assays demonstrated that this secretome remodeling has direct biological consequences. While both early- and late-passage secretomes supported neuronal differentiation relative to baseline conditions, only early-passage JPC secretome robustly promoted neuronal survival and neurite extension. These results suggest that replicative senescence does not abolish neuro-supportive activity but selectively compromises structural and trophic support functions that are critical for effective neural regeneration.
All in all, this study establishes a mechanistic link between replicative senescence of JPCs, secretome reprogramming, and altered neuroregenerative efficacy. Since passage-dependent replicative senescence represents an in vitro correlate of increasing biological age, our findings highlight cellular biological age as a critical determinant of JPC secretome quality. These results underscore the importance of controlling passage number and senescence status in the development of secretome-based regenerative therapies. By delineating how senescence reshapes the extracellular signaling environment, this work provides a conceptual framework for optimizing periosteum-derived paracrine strategies in neural repair applications.