Abstract:
Nearly all visible matter in the universe is made of protons and neutrons, yet their internal structure is not fully understood. In particular, the dynamics of the quarks and gluons inside them remains an open question. To address this, the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), currently under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory, is designed to provide an unprecedented three-dimensional view of the internal structure of a proton, including the transverse momentum distribution of its constituents.
To match the experimental precision of the EIC, equally precise theoretical predictions are essential. One of the key processes that the EIC will study is semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS), where the transverse momentum of the produced hadron offers crucial insights into the momentum distribution of the internal structure of the proton.
In general, the generation of transverse momentum in the final-state hadron can have two sources. On the one hand, from the internal structure of the proton, which provides the scattering parton with an initial transverse momentum, and on the other hand, from a recoil off an additionally radiated particle.
This thesis focuses on the second case: transverse momentum generated via perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) effects. It presents the first fully differential next-to-leading order calculation of SIDIS at high transverse momentum, retaining the full angular structure of the cross section. This angular structure is vital for isolating transverse momentum dependent effects in experimental data and in extracting transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions.
By providing all the required ingredients for the next-to-leading order calculation and laying out the technical and conceptual steps in detail, this thesis aims to offer a solid foundation for future numerical studies and extensions to lower transverse momenta. It aims to provide a solid basis for comparison with the low transverse momentum results and supports ongoing efforts to unravel the inner structure of the proton through high-precision QCD.