Archaeometry, Science and Technology Applied to the Study of Rupestrian Architecture. New conclusions about the rupestrian monastery of St Pedro of Rocas (Galicia, Spain)

Abstract

Analytical techniques applied to Historical and Archaeological Heritage are a core element in the interdisciplinary research project (called Petra Sacra) we have been developing for three years in St Pedro of Rocas. We have obtained a large amount of data through the application of this methodology that offers a very different image of this singular place. The use of aerospace remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), combined with laser scanner (3D and BIM) and the application of Infoarchitecture (3D representation, Photogrammetry and Orthophotography) have allowed us to obtain a real vision of the architecture of the rupestrian worship complex. The images from the Laser Scanner show the existence of at least one phase prior to the construction of the three chapels carved out of the rock. Archaeometric analysis has provided data on the characterization of materials, construction processes and techniques. The analysis by thermoluminescence of a fragment of mural painting mortar has made it possible to date its completion to the middle of the 11th century (between the years 1050 and 1080), correcting significantly the traditional dating. Using the scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) and microanalysis by optical microscopy has provided us with information on the identification of mortars, pigments, strata, artistic techniques, elaboration procedures, chronological analysis and execution phases in regard to the wall painting. Applied sciences and analytical technologies have been crucial in defining and determining the material reality of this rupestrian complex. Let's not forget that this place had been studied and interpreted to date only from the information provided by the written documentation and through Art History.