Abstract:
Procurement of new antibiotics is the main way of fighting the threat to human health posed by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistances amongst pathogenic microorganisms. One way to obtain new antibiotics is to modify the chemical structure of proven compounds to, for example, improve their overall effectiveness as antibiotics or to circumvent specific resistance mechanisms against them. One such approach, termed mutasynthesis, combines selective precursor feeding with genetic modification of an original producer strain to introduce desired features into complex compounds. Since the genetic modifications target genes involved in the supply of specific precursors, mutasynthesis can only be employed by understanding the genetic background of the respective synthesis pathways. This work is focused on the streptogramin antibiotic pristinamycin, which is a combination of two synergistically active protein synthesis inhibitors, used as an antibiotic of last resort, primarily against methicillin- and vancomycin resistant pathogens. However, resistances against pristinamycin are endangering its use against those organisms. First, our knowledge about the diversity of streptogramin gene clusters, in general, was expanded. To this end, the streptogramin biosynthetic gene clusters from multiple producers were compared. This comparison included clusters described and characterized in literature, recently discovered yet unexplored clusters, as well as one cluster from Streptomyces kurssanovii, which was identified as a streptogramin producer in this work. Clusters, which code for the synthesis of the same compounds, were found to be highly similar in most regions, showing that the structure of previously reported clusters is conserved in other producers. Second, pristinamycin I, the streptogramin B component of pristinamycin, was modified by mutasynthesis. Two new halogenated and bioactive derivatives of pristinamycin I were generated and purified in this study. The structures of the new derivatives were elucidated by NMR, and their overall antimicrobial potency, as well as their effect on streptogramin resistant organisms, were shown to be comparable to that of natural pristinamycin I.