Abstract:
The ever-growing miniaturisation of silicon microelectronics, coupled with detector signal processing requirements, has established silicon detectors as a cornerstone in modern high-energy physics experiments. These detectors are pivotal for experiments focused on a deeper understanding of the Standard Model in hadron collisions and the study of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) in extreme conditions with heavy-ion collisions. This research is focused on the Silicon Tracking System (STS) of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), designed to explore the high-density regime of the QCD phase diagram and a potential phase transition to the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP).
This project is focused on a critical aspect that has recently become central to the design and sustained operation of modern silicon trackers in high-energy physics experiments - Thermal Management. The CBM-STS, a forward spectrometer using silicon microstrip sensors specialised in tracking of low-momentum particles produced in heavy-ion collisions, presents a distinctive challenge. The highly irradiated STS silicon sensors must be cooled by introducing minimal material, while the nearby front-end electronics dissipate up to 40 kW of power within a 3.5 m³ detector volume. Through theoretical calculations and simulations, a novel cooling concept - Liquid-Assisted Air Cooling - was developed. This concept integrates air cooling for the silicon sensors and liquid cooling for the front-end electronics to balance thermal management needs while minimising material budget.
The cooling concept was experimentally verified under realistic operational conditions using the CBM-STS Thermal Demonstrator, jointly designed and built at the University of Tübingen and GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt. This has provided critical insights into the operating parameters for STS cooling, and assessed the suitability of prototype and pre-production detector components, along with their integration methods in STS-like boundary conditions. The findings are essential for ensuring the long-term reliability of the CBM-STS as it approached its series production phase, with system integration scheduled for 2024-25 and data-taking with high-intensity heavy-ion beams at FAIR expected in 2028-29.