Abstract:
Appropriate sensitive and selective analytical techniques and methods are of crucial importance for the in-depth characterization of unknown compounds in pharmaceutical drug substances and products, in order to prevent harm to patient’s health. Even though the power of analytical methods are continuously evolving, unexpected and uncontrolled impurities continue to regularly lead to scandals in pharmaceutical manufacturing and show the ongoing lack of comprehensive quality control of drug substances and products. For this, liquid chromatography in form of (high)-performance liquid chromatography has been established as one of the most versatile analytical techniques in all stages of the product life cycle, from development to routine analysis. (U)HPLC analysis allows fast and efficient separation of drug substances, matrix components and impurities. Coupling with various detection techniques that are precisely tailored to the chemical properties of the respective compounds and analytical task is of utmost importance. Even though, mass spectrometric detection is often considered as the gold standard and all-in-one solution of many analytical problems, it often lacks in selectivity especially for isobaric and isomeric compounds which do not display characteristic fragmentation patterns. Therefore, this work shows how the utilization of different derivatization techniques and the implementation of orthogonal stationary phases and detectors improves identification of unknown compounds by further increasing sensitivity and selectivity.
The first part of the thesis shows the significance of lipid oxidation in pharmaceutical lipid formulations, generating a huge variety of oxidation products, which require comprehensive characterization as they are classified as impurities. For this, the combination of commonly used reversed-phase columns with innovative chiral polysaccharide stationary phases in a full-comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography setup was established. This setup shows excellent shape-selectivity for isomers of conjugated fatty acids, compatibility and orthogonality of the used chiral and reversed-phase stationary phases. In this context, chiral polysaccharide columns show immaculate shape selectivity for fatty acid isomers under reversed-phase conditions, probably due to their complex three-dimensional structure. Furthermore, the complementarity of UV-detection to MS-detection is demonstrated, which allows double bond characterization of conjugated fatty acid isomers (distinction of di-, tri-, and tetraenes as well as E/Z isomerism) by UV spectra and identification of unknown oxylipins by characteristic MS2-spectra.
The second part displays the importance of chirality-determination for impurity profiling and for in-depth characterization of biotechnologically produced substances like teicoplanin. This has relevance, as for example in case of Teicoplanin, its antibacterial efficacy can be affected by its fatty acid sidechains. State-of-the-art chiral polysaccharide columns in combination with 1-naphthylamine-derivatization make the enantiomeric separation by liquid chromatography feasible. Thus, the enantiomeric separation of the anteiso-methyl branched fatty acid side-chain of Teicoplanin RS3 and hence its stereochemistry determination with custom synthesized standards is possible. Additionally, the excellent selectivity for achiral compounds is presented for the conformation and identification of previously unknown constitutional isomers.
The third part is focused in the development of a workflow for the determination of double bond positions by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The derivatization with dimethyldisulfide allows the proposal of characteristic fragment ions of different (poly)unsaturated fatty acids and utilizes electrospray-ionization in negative mode. To obtain higher sensitivity and flexibility with regard to ionization-modes, 2,2’-dipyridyldisulfide was introduced as derivatization reagent, which allows detection of ω-end and carboxyl-end fragments in positive ion mode of fatty acids with up to two double bonds. This approach could be considered as a starting point for further optimization and investigation of other disulfide-based derivatization reagents.