Abstract:
The family of two-dimensional (2D) materials is exciting not only because of their unique atomically thin layer structure, but also due to the remarkable properties found within the family, such as extremely high conductivity and strength and outstanding optoelectronic properties.
In addition, the layers can be assembled into artificial composites, creating what are known as van der Waals heterostructures.
This offers the ability to combine any 2D materials from the wide variety of layered materials and to specify the layer order as well as orientation.
As a result, van der Waals heterostructures exhibit diverse properties such as superconductivity in bilayer graphene at a specific rotation angle or the twist angle dependent photoluminescence of transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers.
Modifications of the individual layers extend the possibilities even further.
For example, doping or patterning at the nanometer level can affect the properties of 2D materials.
Notably, electron microscopy is a powerful tool to introduce modifications on a very small scale, thus enabling techniques such as band-gap engineering.
However, current techniques for creating heterostructures can not be used in combination with nanopatterning of individual layers at high resolution.
In particular, mechanical stacking methods using optical microscopes for assembling layers are well established.
Restricted by the optical diffraction limit, precise stacking of patterned individual layers is not possible with these approaches.
In this thesis, a novel method for the assembly of nanopatterned, free-standing 2D materials is developed.
The stacking is performed in a scanning electron microscope, allowing high-resolution observation during the process and precise alignment of the layers using piezo manipulators.
The technique enables van der Waals heterostructures to be fabricated with a layer alignment precision of a few nanometers.
Different patterning techniques for freestanding 2D materials are investigated and applied for heterostructure assembly.
The novel method allows for the creation of small three-dimensional structures.
Nanometer sized holographic phase plates for electrons are fabricated, capable of generating diverse electron probes with controlled amplitudes and phases by specifying the patterns introduced into the materials.
Due to the small size of the phase plates, the resulting electron probe is also in the nanometer range without any additional electron optics.
The method developed for the precise stacking of nanopatterned, freestanding 2D materials enables the creation of structures in an additive manufacturing process at the nanometer scale, providing a new approach to nanofabrication techniques.
The ability to modify each layer allows tailoring of the properties for potential applications such as solid-state nanopores or optoelectronic devices.