Abstract:
Autophagy is a mechanism of clearance, through which cytoplasmic material is
stochastically engulfed in a double membrane vesicle, named autophagosome, and
degraded upon fusion with lysosomes. Four crucial players in autophagosome formation
are the WIPI proteins, from WIPI1 to WIPI4, which participate in phagophore initiation,
elongation, and closure. Interestingly, lysosomes and double membrane vesicles have
been observed to travel intercellularly via Tunneling Nanotubes (TNTs), structures
capable of mediating long-distance cytoplasmic exchange between cells. Both autophagy
and TNTs have been linked to human health conditions such as cancer and
neurodegeneration. This study aimed to investigate on the intersection between
autophagy and TNTs, which so far remained to be unraveled.
Here, the traffic of autophagic membranes, decorated with WIPI proteins, via TNTs was
observed. Moreover, this study revealed that modulation of autophagy levels also
modulates the formation of TNTs, as well as the transfer of autophagic membranes from
one cell to the other through TNTs.
Following the concepts of TNT intercellular communication, the present study also
demonstrated TNT-mediated transfer of mitochondria in vitro, as well as mitochondria in
association with the autophagy marker LC3.
Furthermore, the transfer of ferritin and its autophagic cargo receptor, NCOA4, via TNTs
was visualized, and quantitative assessments revealed that iron overload can enhance
TNT-mediated intercellular traffic of ferritin.
Finally, the presence of TNTs in liver cancer cell lines was observed, and in this context,
it was found that the interaction partner of WIPI proteins, NUDC, is important for TNT
formation. Surprisingly, WIPI1 itself was uncovered as a novel player in TNT biogenesis.
In summary, imaging and image processing techniques were employed to dynamically
visualize TNT structures, and to identify the traffic of autophagic membranes,
mitochondria, and ferritin between different types of cells in vitro. A role for TNTmediated
intercellular communication as a compensatory mechanism is discussed.