Abstract:
For centuries, vaccines have played an important role to induce protective immune responses against infectious diseases. Over the past decade, therapeutic vaccines have been developed to direct the immune system against cancer cells. Whereas, prophylactic vaccination focusses largely on the induction of pathogen-specific B-cell derived antibodies, therapeutic vaccination mainly aims to induce cancer-specific T cell responses. With the COVID-19 pandemic, T cells have however also gained increasing significance in infectious disease.
In this thesis, characterization of antigen-specific T cell responses was applied to (i) define a peptide warehouse for clinical application in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), (ii) to develop an optimized protocol for CD4+ T cell priming using monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and (iii) to uncover Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike-specific T cell responses following different Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination regimens.
(i), Naturally and frequently presented CLL-specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted peptides were identified by comparative mass spectrometry-based immunopeptidome analyses of primary patient samples. The resulting CLL-specific antigens were shown to be recognized by preexisting, and de novo induced T cells in CLL patients and healthy volunteers, respectively. This tumor antigen selection process allowed for the generation of a premanufactured warehouse for the construction of personalized HLA class I- and HLA class II-restricted multi-peptide vaccines that are being evaluated in a first clinical trial for the treatment of CLL (NCT04688385). The presented workflow may provide the basis for the development of broad personalized T cell-based immunotherapy approaches as it is easily transferable to other tumor entities.
(ii) To prove immunogenicity of HLA class II-restricted peptides, the second chapter of this thesis focused on the optimization of the de novo priming of CD4+ T cells using MoDCs. A preliminary protocol was available in our group; however, it was not yet set up functionally. Through modifications in the MoDC maturation cocktail, the time of MoDC coincubation with peptides and the setup for the CD4+ T cell stimulation with MoDCs, successful de novo priming of specific CD4+ T cells was achieved for all tested peptides and donors.
(iii) With the COVID-19 pandemic, several vaccines were rapidly developed to protect the population against severe disease outcome after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The last chapter of this thesis focused on the characterization of induced T cell responses after vaccination with different vaccination regimens after 4 weeks and 6 months, as well as the effect of a booster vaccine dose compared with SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses in convalescents and prepandemic donors. Frequent, divers and multifunctional spike-specific T cell responses were shown for donors of all vaccination regimens that were comparable to responses seen in convalescent donors and were significantly increased compared to cross-reactive T cell responses in prepandemic donors. T cell responses remained stable over time and did not significantly benefit from a booster vaccination dose. However, after decreasing over 6 months after vaccination, anti-spike antibody titers significantly increased through the application of a booster vaccine dose.
Together, within this thesis, an extensive analysis was conducted to characterize antigen-specific T cell responses within the frame of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, providing a comprehensive elucidation of cellular immune responses pertaining to diverse COVID-19 vaccine schedules as well as the validation of a peptide warehouse facilitating its prospective evaluation in a therapeutic vaccine trial for CLL patients.