Abstract:
Postoperative endophthalmitis remains one of the most feared emergency situations in ophthalmic care, although rapid therapeutic intervention can rehabilitate visual function. The global increase in infections following ophthalmic surgical procedures, most notably due to an increase in Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injections, continues to make postoperative endophthalmitis an important concern. In the past, infections following cataract surgery were often referred to. However, due to advances in cataract surgery on the one hand and demographic and therapeutic developments with an ever increasing number of administered intravitreal injections on the other hand, endophthalmitis after cataract surgery is becoming relatively less frequent. There is still an ongoing debate in our scientific community about which therapy will benefit patients with postoperative endophthalmitis the most. Simply put, the question is whether to perform a vitreous tap with intravitreal antibiotic administration alone or to perform an additional vitrectomy. However, the rationale of the previous international "gold standard" is often found in an outdated study from 1995 (EVS study) because it is the only study with maximum evidence level on this topic. The basic message of this study is that only patients with visual acuity of light perception or worse benefit from immediate vitrectomy. The technical developments in vitreoretinal surgery in the last decades make nowadays a minimally invasive vitrectomy with better intraoperative visualization and treatment options possible. The vitreous also serves as a culture medium for bacterial proliferation, which is why vitrectomy with reduction of bacterial and toxin load seems to be pathophysiologically quite reasonable. An increasing number of authors also advocate immediate surgical intervention in the setting of postoperative endophthalmitis, independent of the results of the EVS study of 1995. This trend can be supported by the presented results of this doctoral thesis. It could be shown that patients with postoperative endophthalmitis benefit from vitrectomy with intravitreal administration of antibiotics independent of the procedure that caused the endophthalmitis. Patients who could be treated within the shortest possible time (less than seven hours after diagnosis) showed a considerably better outcome in terms of visual acuity and incidence of postoperative complications. However, the retrospective study design, the heterogeneity of the studied groups with respect to the pathophysiology of endophthalmitis depending on the triggering event, and the different group sizes of the studied cohorts with partly incomplete data have to be regarded critically. Nevertheless, due to the shift in treatment options from 1995 to today's options and the changing etiology, this work strongly recommends that the indications for early (or "emergency") vitrectomy, particularly for endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection, should be reevaluated in a new trial with an increased level of evidence (multicenter, prospective, and randomized-controlled).