Abstract:
Lipidomics is the study of all or a fraction of the lipids in a biological sample as well as their metabolism, biological processes, and features, such as diseases. Although lipidomics is one of the most recent -omics study areas, its significance is expanding as more people realize that other factors besides genes and proteins affect the condition of biological systems. Over the past ten years, lipidomics has grown quickly since it has introduced new areas of research into the role of lipids in cell biology, health, and disease and it is a continuously growing research field. By identifying changes in lipid states and searching for pathogenic mechanisms that result in lipid-associated disorders, lipidomics can benefit in the discovery and development of new drugs.
A well-defined specific group of lipids is accurately quantified using targeted lipidomics. Targeted lipidomics focuses on certain compounds of interest rather than trying to cover the whole lipid classes. Compared to non-targeted lipidomics, less qualitative data is acquired, but targeted lipidomics is more sensitive and enables accurate analysis of the targeted analytes. In fact, while high resolution mass spectrometers are employed in non-targeted lipidomics, very sensitive mass spectrometers, such as triple quadrupoles (QqQ), are used in targeted lipidomics. The utilization of quadrupole-based instruments for focused applications has increased over the past couple of decades as advances in methodology enhanced the technology's availability. To enable comparisons of a certain group of lipids (such as biomarkers, low abundant compounds, or pathways), such as those usually seen in clinical, biochemical, or industrial research applications, efforts have been undertaken to improve both the selectivity and throughput. Over the past ten years, innovations in technology have significantly increased the scanning speed of triple quadrupole instruments, enabling the measurement of more than 600 transitions per second and more than 200 lipid targets on a contemporary triple quadrupole instrument.
In this cumulative doctoral dissertation, LC-MS based lipidomics assays have been developed to establish the best conditions to study low abundant clinically relevant lipids such as steroids and endocannabinoid species.
Within the first study, a targeted LC-MS/MS method of salivary cortisol and cortisone was developed and then validated. Since saliva and other non-invasive sampling matrices
have been preferred, cortisol and cortisone are commonly used as indicators of stress. Due to the fact that cross-reactivities make immunoassays less specific, they are nonetheless often employed for measuring steroid hormone levels. Currently LC-MS/MS-based sensitive methods are mostly used for quantification of steroid hormones. For that reason, the goal of this study was to develop a novel microflow UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique with MRM data acquisition for a large-scale long-term neuroimaging stress study for measuring salivary cortisol and cortisone that, thanks to its microflow regime, enables improved sensitivity and is more environmentally friendly. Positive pressure elution mode and offline SPE with Oasis PRIME HLB in 96-well plate format enabled excellent sample preparation with high throughput and the ability to effectively remove matrix effects. With the acquired SPE enrichment factor of 14, the capillary chromatography scale's microflow regime (20 μL min-1) favored effective electrospray ionization and produced a sensitive cortisol/cortisone steroid quantification technique (LLOQ of cortisol/cortisone, 72/62 pg mL-1, respectively). The evaluation of cortisol and cortisone concentrations in various batches of samples from normal clinical stress study samples (4056 total injections with 1983 study samples) was effective in the end. Furthermore, the instrument performance of the five capillary columns under investigation varied throughout time, including the retention time variations within each batch, across batches, and from lot to lot during the study took 2 years. The research shows that, if appropriate internal standards can be utilized, micro-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS is sufficient and reliable enough to conduct a comprehensive clinical investigation with more than 1000 samples over a long period of time.
The second study involved the development and validation of a new UHPLC–ESI-MS/MS method for endocannabinoid separation and determination in low-quantity CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) samples. Endocannabinoids are fatty acid derivatives produced from within the body that activate cannabinoid receptors. In the real samples, six analytes of endocannabinoids (1/2-AG, 2-AGE, AEA, LEA, PEA, and OEA) could be measured in a single chromatographic run with good sensitivity, high accuracy, and in a short analysis time (5.5 min). The approach described here is straightforward, robust, and capable of high throughput due to its quick analysis time and single protein precipitation/extraction phase. As far as we are aware, this is the first validated technique that used two
calibration procedures in CSF samples: surrogate calibrant and surrogate matrix method especially for quantification of 2-AG, 2-AGE, AEA, LEA, PEA, and OEA in CSF.
The third project intended to develop quick, sensitive, reliable, and reproducible LC-MS/MS technique for melatonin and cortisol measurement in saliva to investigate the sleep-awake rhythm in healthy volunteers and compare the sleep-awake cycles with Parkinson patients. The technique must be quick and simple, requiring the least amount of sample preparation and it was evaluated using a range of saliva samples from healthy participants to monitor changes in cortisol and melatonin concentrations over the course of a 24-hour period in a circadian rhythm. The run time of 6 minutes per sample in clinical research allowed for a high throughput. Different parameters were compared to improve the sensitivity. A RPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed with LOQs of 15 pg/mL for melatonin and 104 pg/mL for cortisol in saliva. Despite several optimizations being made to increase the LC-MS/MS sensitivity and the detection limits, the melatonin amount that could be measured in saliva samples was already above the baseline values, thereby further research is needed.