Abstract:
Biopharmaceuticals have become an essential class of therapeutics and are used for different medical indications such as diabetes, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and infectious diseases. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have the biggest share within the biopharmaceuticals regarding the drug approval numbers. However, the benefits in terms of high specificity and efficacy come with the drawback of higher cost and higher complexity. This complexity arises from the high molecular weight on the one hand and high structural heterogeneity on the other hand, making the analytical characterization and quality control of mAbs and other biopharmaceuticals a significant challenge. In addition to these protein-based biopharmaceuticals, the elucidation of the absolute configuration of therapeutic peptides and natural (lipo)peptides is also of particular interest for drug discovery.
To address these challenges, different liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometric (MS) methods were used for the more comprehensive analysis in the presented work. The first publication of this dissertation was dedicated to the analysis of charge variants of mAbs, which is an important quality attribute that might affect safety and efficacy of the drug product. To characterize the charge variants, the mAbs were analysed at the intact protein level and the subunit level after limited digestion and disulphide reduction using strong cation-exchange chromatography (SCX). The SCX method was systematically optimized to enable the separation of the maximum number of charge variants using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. The optimized SCX mobile phase, however, contains high concentrations of non-volatile salt in the mobile phase, which is incompatible with MS detection. On the other hand, MS analysis is essential for the identification of the charge variants. To overcome this limitation, an online two-dimensional liquid chromatographic (2D-LC) method was successfully developed, which uses SCX in the first separation dimension and reversed-phase (RP) LC in the second separation dimension, which can be used for de-salting prior MS analysis. An ultra-short analysis time (≤ 1 min) of the second dimension RP method was essential to establish a full comprehensive 2D-LC analysis. For this purpose, a column comparison study was performed using a set of monolithic and superficially porous particle (SPP) columns, and the separation efficiency and analysis speed were investigated.
An even more comprehensive column comparison study focusing on the kinetic performance was done for the second work presented in this dissertation. A set of 13 RP protein separation columns including monolithic, SPP, and fully porous particle (FPP) columns was investigated regarding their capability to separate peaks in the shortest possible time. It could be demonstrated that SPP columns with a pore size of 400 Å and a thin, porous shell provided the best performance especially for large proteins such as mAbs.
Proteins themselves can also be the potential targets of drug products such as the tumour suppressor protein p53 studied in publication III. Intact protein LC-MS was successfully used to investigate the binding efficiency and specificity of covalent inhibitors.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and peptides and most of these amino acids are chiral. As the biological activity is usually dependent on the absolute configuration of the amino acids, the enantioselective analysis is of utmost importance for structural elucidation and quality control. Therefore, one goal of the presented work was to develop a fast and comprehensive method to separate amino acids, their enantiomers, diastereomers, and constitutional isomers. This was achieved by derivatization using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) and subsequent analysis by enantioselective liquid chromatography ion mobility-mass spectrometry (LC-IM-MS). A very fast three minutes short analysis method could be developed and was applied for the successful structure elucidation of a therapeutic peptide and a natural lipopeptide.
The absolute configuration of a tetrapeptide originating from the natural antimicrobial peptide-polyene epifadin could be determined using chiral LC-MS, which was crucial for the structure elucidation. In this work, all eight enantiomer peak pairs could be successfully separated and the separation of the diastereomers was optimized.