Abstract:
Miocene sediments cover a large area of Eurasia and southern Germany. However, apart from sedimentological studies, a comprehensive insight into fossil ecosystems from this period is rarely possible. Many sites are known from single finds or were only accessible for a short period of time. The Hammerschmiede site (Allgäu region) enables the large-scale documentation of two fluvial fossil-enriched ecosystems of the early Late Miocene. In addition to a continuously growing taxonomic diversity, this site offers the opportunity to gain insights into taphonomy and, in particular, biostratinomy. Numerous field observations are described by different case studies. Sedimentological observations are evaluated and the discoveries are examined in three-dimensional analyses in relation to each other. Various elements can be attributed to autochthonous or allochthonous origin and testify to greater or lesser transportation and processing distances. Multiple proxies testify to the direction of flow of the water and its change of direction and provide evidence of meandering rivers and streams. Based on this information, isolated found bones and partially anatomically arranged skeletal elements can finally be reconstructed into single individuals that were scattered in strewnfields by the channel flow. A large number of destructive agents can be identified from traces on bones, demonstrating an extensive interplay of aquatic and terrestrial floral and faunal elements involved in the utilization of the carcasses. Finally, abiotic factors that have contributed to the preservation or destruction of fossils are documented and bear witness to compressions by large diagenetic loads. Nevertheless, possible destruction by mining equipment and activity, as well as the excavations themselves, cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, mineral neoformations of iron sulfides and uranium incorporation within bones reveal geochemical post-depositional processes. In addition to numerous case studies to field observations, mortality analyses are used to gain further ecological insights into the habitats along the fossil local stratigraphic levels HAM 5 (rivulet) and HAM 4 (river) using the selected example of two occurring beaver species, based on their assumed autochthony. The resulting age-frequency distributions allow conclusions on inter- and intraspecific relationships of the beavers within the habitat. The Hammerschmiede site proves that extensive excavations and comprehensive documentation can open up many other sources of information in addition to the usual findings on taxonomy. The result is a unique insight into the Miocene of southern Germany with an increasingly improved understanding of ecological parameters within those habitats and subsequent taphonomic and biostratinomic processes.