Abstract:
As precision medicine advances, the term "theranostics" is becoming increasingly established and refers to the growing interlinking of diagnostics and therapeutics. Nanobodies (Nbs) derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies (HCAbs), exhibit as small and stable binding molecules unique properties such as good solubility, high tissue penetration, low immunogenicity and inexpensive production. Therefore, Nbs have ideal characteristics for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
In this work, novel Nbs from immune libraries against two divergent target structures (receptor binding domain, RBD, of SARS-CoV-2; human signal-regulating protein α, hSIRPα, on myeloid cells) for theranostic applications were generated. Through in-depth in vitro characterization, including binding affinity, stability analysis and detailed epitope mapping, we identified potent candidates and demonstrated their suitability as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in detail.
For SARS-CoV-2, we developed neutralizing Nbs that functionally inhibit the interaction between RBD and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 as the viral entry site exposed on human cells. To enhance their neutralizing potency, biparatopic (bip) Nb formats capable of binding multiple variants of concern (VOCs) were generated. By using these bipNbs as antibody (Ab) surrogates in a high-throughput assay, termed NeutrobodyPlex, we were able to determine the neutralizing capacity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs in serum samples of patients. In addition, in a murine disease model, intranasal administration of our bipNbs resulted in a significantly reduced disease progression and increased survival rates at lethal doses of SARS-CoV-2 B.1, Beta, and Delta.
To further demonstrate the suitability of Nbs as theranostics in the context of novel immunotherapies, we developed Nbs against hSIRPα expressed by myeloid cells. Applying a binary screening campaign, we identified modulatory and inert binding molecules. Three Nbs targeting the domain 1 (D1) of hSIRPα functionally block the hSIRPα/hCD47 interaction and thus effectively enhance Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) in vitro. For imaging purposes, the inert hSIRPα Nb S36 was sequence optimized to enable site-directed radiolabeling. High-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) imaging allowed us to visualize hSIRPα+ myeloid cells in tumor lesions of mice. Given the dual applications of the selected hSIRPα Nbs, there is substantial potential to further develop these biologicals into myeloid-specific checkpoint inhibitors for combination therapies or for diagnostic imaging to monitor individual response to immunotherapy. In conclusion, this work shows the great potential of Nbs as theranostics that will assume increasing importance in the field of personalized medicine in the future.