Abstract:
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor disease of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). Among others, major clinical features are osteolysis and related elevation of calcium levels in the peripheral blood (PB). Further on, immuno- deficiency contributes to morbidity and mortality of patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players of the immune system as they are able to effectively initiate T-cell responses through presentation of antigens and co-stimulatory molecules. DCs are grouped into different subsets with distinct phenotype and function as conventional DCs (cDC1s, cDC2s), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and inflammatory DCs (infDCs). In MM, DCs appear to be tightly connected to MM pathogenesis. By interactions with other cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME), they are assumed to contribute to disease progression and tumor immune evasion. Further, they are suspected of being linked to osteoclastogenesis and immuno- deficiency. This thesis aimed to investigate DC-subsets in PB of MM-patients, characterize T-cell dysfunction in detail and examine the possible influence of soluble factors present in MM-patients on DC differentiation. By using multi-color flow cytometry, DCs and T cells in the PB of MM-patients were analyzed in regard of abundance and phenotype. Furthermore, the in vitro differentiation of CD34+-progenitors to DCs was studied. Therefore, CD34+-progenitors were purified by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) and cultured in a 7-day- culture-system in the presence of soluble components present in the PB of MM-patients. All DC-subsets were reduced in PB of MM-patients compared to healthy donors (HDs). Moreover, their phenotype was altered to increased expression of CD40 and programmed death-ligand (PD-L)1, suggesting immunosuppressive functional alterations. T cells were also reduced in the PB of MM-patients compared to HDs, with a slightly more senescent phenotype, also suggesting impaired immune function. The differentiation of CD34+-progenitors of HDs to DCs was partly impaired by PB-serum of MM-patients. As interleukin- (IL-)6-levels were similar in the PB-serum of HDs and MM-patients, it is likely that other factors than IL-6 are responsible for this impairment. All in all, DC differentiation, abundance and phenotype are impaired in MM-patients with possible effects on tumor immune evasion and general immunodeficiency.