Abstract:
The Sagnac effect – the phase shift of waves in a rotating frame of reference – is a fundamental experiment in physics. The Sagnac effect was demonstrated with light in 1913, with neutron in 1979. For this experiment, a compact ruggedized electron interferometer was used. All electron optical elements are rigidly fixed to an optical bench of approx. 30 cm length. To reduce sensitivity to mechanical vibrations, mechanical adjustment possibilities are omitted. All adjustments are done with electrostatic or magnetic fields. The electron beam is generated by a diode field emission gun. The electrons' kinetic energy is entirely determined by the field emission extraction voltage, which was between 140eV and 3keV. In electrostatic deflection elements, a longitudinal shift of the partial wave packets to each other occurs. For low-energy electrons, their coherence length is so short that this mutual shift of the partial wave packets reduces their overlap in the registration plane, which leads to a reduction of the contrast of the interference fringes. This spatial delay can be corrected with a Wien filter to re-establish maximum contrast of the interference fringes. To achieve a wide separation of the two partial beams, two successive electron biprisms were used. The interference image is magnified by two electrostatic quadrupole lenses, intensified by a dual-stage channel plate image intensifier, and transferred to a CCD camera via a tapered fiber optic image throughput. The phase measurement was done in a digital image processing system. The entire instrument was mounted on a rotating table. With enclosed areas between the two partial waves of a few square millimeters and rotation rates of up to 0.5/s, theory predicts phase differences between clockwise and counterclockwise rotation of approx. 5% of an interference fringe. The experimental results agreed well with theory within the margin of errors.
[This PDF file is an electronic reproduction (scan) of the PhD thesis published in 1989. Parts of this thesis were published in: Hasselbach, F. and Nicklaus, M. (1993), Sagnac experiment with electrons: Observation of the rotational phase shift of electron waves in vacuum. Phys. Rev. A 48, 143, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.48.143; Nicklaus, M. and Hasselbach, F. (1993), Wien filter: A wave-packet-shifting device for restoring longitudinal coherence in charged-matter-wave interferometers. Phys. Rev. A 48, 152, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.48.152.]