Abstract:
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and elbow complaints occur annually and relatively frequently among employees. Consequently, employees may be absent from work and companies may suffer from loss of gross value added or have other high costs. To protect employees from overload, evidence-based, transparent, and objective risk assessments of physical workload, e.g., in the elbow region, are very important. The aim of this work was therefore to develop an objective, evidence- and measurement-based assessment approach for the elbow region, based on the findings of a systematic literature review and occupational scientific investigations in the field. Furthermore, this new approach is presented as an example in addition to other methods to usage in the working environment. To establish objective assessments in the future, it was necessary to investigate three research topics.
First, a systematic review of quantitative information was required because previous systematic reviews have mostly described qualitative or semiquantitative risk factors in the elbow. Following the PRISMA guideline, the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Work databases were screened from 2007 to 2017. From a total of 524 articles, 10 relevant articles were identified. These were assessed for methodological quality and the way exposures and outcomes were recorded. The review of studies identified 5 main exposure categories (Force, Repetition, Posture/movement, Vibration, Combined exposures) and 16 subcategories. Evidence of subcategories were estimated using the GRADE method and ranged from very low to high. A total of 133 quantitative risk factor specifications were identified that were associated with lateral/medial epicondylitis, radial tunnel syndrome, pronator teres syndrome or ulnar neuropathy.
Second, further research identified the combination of force and repetition as the most important subcategory related to elbow exposures. In addition, wrist flexion/extension and forearm supination/pronation were identified as the most important degrees of freedom. Furthermore, three kinematic parameters (mean power frequency, angular velocity, kinematic micro-pauses) and one kinetic parameter (electromyography) were extracted as an important basis for the development of an assessment approach. These kinematic parameters were computed into the repetition score, considering the verbally anchored Latko-scale, and were merged with normalized peak force. In this process, the mTLV for HAL method was developed. It can estimate combined loads (force and repetition) in the wrist and elbow region. A pilot study demonstrated that the repetition score was indistinguishable from conventional HAL assessment. In addition, association analyses based on GEE models revealed that the mTLV for HAL can partially be significantly associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, arthrosis of the distal joints, lateral epicondylitis, and complaints in the hand and elbow joints/regions. The validation and analysis of 500 data sets of individual subjects showed that the mTLV for HAL can be used very well in practice. Furthermore, this method is a very good duty cycle independent supplement to previous observational- and video-based TLV for HAL assessment approaches.
Third, it is sometimes difficult for occupational safety specialists or occupational safety and health officers to select the appropriate sensor technology in combination with the appropriate assessment method for the respective risk assessment situation. Therefore, a categorization of measurement-based assessment methods for the upper extremity region was particularly required. For this purpose, an internationally accepted 3-level categorization was applied to this area. This allowed both – sensor technologies and measurement-based methods – to be presented to occupational safety specialists or occupational safety and health officers. The mTLV for HAL assessment approach was also classified and contrasted with other selected methods.
This work is intended to encourage scientific, medical, and occupational safety and health professionals to process evidence-based quantitative information and measure exposures. The use of measurement-based assessment methods is also recommended, especially for the elbow region. Thus, this work provides a good basis for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention measures.