Abstract:
Lugdunin is a novel antibiotic initially discovered in the human nose and extracted from Staphylococcus lugdunensis. It is a non-ribosomally synthesized cyclic peptide consisting of seven amino acids with alternating stereo-chemistry. The amino acids valine and cysteine are linked via an intramolecular thiazolidine formation. The cyclized peptide exhibits micromolar activity (3 μM) against Gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as well as resistant Enterococcus faecium.
After fundamental stereo- and alanine-scan derivatives were synthesized, more extensive structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies were carried out, replacing the amino acids at positions two, three and four. In total, hundreds of lugdunin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated, however only 6-tryptophan-lugdunin displayed higher antimicrobial activity in in-vitro assay Staphylococcus assays compared to natural lugdunin. In addition, the SAR-study aimed towards a fluorescent lugdunin proved to be successful with pyrenylalanine-lugdunin being highly active as well as fluorescent under excitation at 342 nm wavelength and emission at 375 nm wavelength.
A wide variety of lugdunin-derivatives from chemical synthesis, as well as more complex deviations from the natural compound, were synthesized and sets of compounds were evaluated for distinct applications. These tasks included, but are not limited to, assays for antibacterial activity (Gram-positive and Gram-negative), antiviral potency, membrane-permeation and ion exchange kinetics assays. Additionally, lugdunin and its derivatives were evaluated for their physicochemical character in solvents, concentrations and charge.
All in all, it is shown that lugdunin is a very potent compound with highly antibacterial activity across a wide range of derivatives. In addition to that, lugdunin also possesses antimicrobial activity against various viruses and bacteria. With two different synthetic routes available, a potential upscaling for industrial use as well as more strategic derivatization (e.g. focus on hydrophilicity or crystallization properties) is readily available. The available fluorescent derivatives (mg scale as pure compound) also enable more in-depth visualization experiments in order to fully elucidate the mode-of-action.
More complex structural deviations of lugdunin were also studied with interesting results, however more extensive research is needed in order to develop the next class of antibiotic in the combat against antimicrobial resistance.