Abstract:
Introduction: The cold storage (CS) represents one of several strategies to improve the platelet (PLT) quality during the storage. In 2019, our group reported a better PLT functionality after CS but a faster clearance in vivo, suggesting apoptosis as a mechanism induced by CS leading to the reduced PLT survival. Therefore, we proposed apoptosis inhibition in cold-stored apheresis-derived platelet concentrates (APCs), in order to improve the survival of cold-stored platelets (CSPs). We focused on the PLT functionality with three questions: 1. Does the APC production process impact the PLT functionality? 2. Does the storage temperature impact the PLT functionality? 3. Does apoptosis inhibition impact the CSP function?
Methods: The apoptosis inhibition was performed with RhoA-GTPase-inhibitor G04, PKA-activator forskolin, and caspase-9-inhibitor z-LEHD-fmk. APC of healthy donors were incubated with the inhibitors directly after production (day 0) and stored at 4 ºC under continuous agitation. The control buffer APC was once stored at RT, once at 4 ºC. Using PLT aggregometry and flow cytometry, the PLT function was investigated.
Results: We found that the APC-PLTs showed high aggregation, immediately after their production, upon 20μM thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP) and 1.0 mg/ml ristocetin, but they showed decreased activation by 10 μM adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Furthermore, analyzing the storage temperature, we observed that CS retained the PLT functionality longer than storage at RT. The CS provided maximal aggregation over 90 % on day 4, while it dropped significantly after RT storage on the same day. Furthermore, TRAP-induced activation was examined and the CSPs showed improved α- and dense-degranulation and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) activation. The CS still retained the platelet function on day 7. Next, we investigated the impact of apoptosis inhibition on PLT functionality, observing a heterogeneous effect depending on the specific inhibitor. We showed that the best candidate is the RhoA-GTPase-inhibitor (G04) that maintained the function of CSPs until day 10 in every assay. Furthermore, TRAP induced elevated aggregation and dense-granule release of G04 on day 7. The PKA-activator (forskolin) maintained the ristocetin-induced aggregation, GPIIb/IIIa activation, and the shrinkage until day 10. However, it decreased the aggregation with TRAP already on day 4. The caspase-9 inhibitor (z-LEHD-fmk) maintained the aggregation and the shrinkage until day 10, and TRAP-induced α- and dense-granule release on day 7.
Conclusion: CS improves the PLT quality which is entirely retained by addition of G04. Other inhibitors, forskolin and z-LEHD-fmk mostly retained the function of CSPs. In conclusion, showing significant superior function 4 days after production to RSPs, CSPs possess an enormous potential to prolong the storage time and retain the hemostatic function until day 7. The addition of the G04 to CSPs as apoptosis inhibitor may be an efficient tool to prolong the storage time without affecting the PLT function and survival.