Abstract:
Microbial communities ubiquitously inhabit the natural world. Members of these have evolved countless dynamic and complex relationships to ensure their survival. Whether through formation of protective enclosures, such as biofilms held together by amyloids, or actively killing competitors as antimicrobials, secreted proteins play key roles in microbial interactions. However, much remains to be understood about the specific mechanisms of activity behind many of these interactions.
The oomycetal pathogen Albugo is an obligate plant biotroph that strongly modifies its surrounding microbial community. It relies on specific proteins to exert its influence, as it has lost a large part of the biosynthetic power of free-living relatives, in part due to adaptation to an obligate biotrophic lifestyle. Firstly, we have put these proteins into an evolutionary context by studying the link between lifestyle and genome features in the oomycetes. This phylum comprises Albugo as well as other plant and animal pathogens with widely divergent lifestyles and hosts.
Furthermore, through a proteomics approach followed by heterologous expression, we have pinpointed as well as functionally and structurally characterized a number of proteins from Albugo that we found to be influential in controlling the surrounding microbial community. In particular, we have focused on those with antimicrobial potential as well as the ability to form amyloids. The former are interesting due to their direct role in antagonistic interactions and the high demand for novel and highly specific peptide-based antimicrobial compounds which could aid against the rise of multidrug resistant microbes. When studying antimicrobial proteins in Albugo, we could relate their effects to intrinsic disorder and high positive charge.
The amyloid fold, instead, is a prevalent and overlooked characteristic of many proteins relevant to microbial interactions and to survival in particular. Because of their original discovery as etiological agents of human pathology, their study has been historically confined to the medical field. Based on current literature, however, the amyloid fold is now known to be omnipresent in the natural microbial world where it plays varied functional roles, including defense through antimicrobial activity. The protein candidates we have described in Albugo support the presence of this characteristic fold and functional relevance in protists as well, since we found amyloids to be important for pathogenicity. Finally, we have explored the amyloid-forming characteristics of proteins released by a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus, which are upregulated during the biofilm establishment stage.
On the whole, we have studied and described protein-based mechanisms relevant to complex microbial communities in natural ecosystems, focusing on amyloids and antimicrobials. These highlight the countless mechanisms that could be translated to biotechnological applications and the many that are yet to be discovered.