Abstract:
Liver Cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Over 80 % of all diagnosed liver cancer types are Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Both tumors are often diagnosed in an advanced disease stage with a poor prognosis. The increasing prevalence of HCC and CCA, including the challenges surrounding their diagnosis, management, and limited treatment options, have increased the urgency first to find additional molecular targets, and secondly, to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
This study explored two novel therapeutic concepts for the systemic treatment of HCC and CCA. For the first concept, we investigated the stimulation of adenosine receptor 3 (ADORA3). We could show that an antiproliferative effect of tumor cells after stimulation of ADORA3 was directly dependent on the presence of the receptor. Preliminary published data stated an overexpression of ADORA3 in HCC. In contrast to these data, we found a heterogenous expression level, comparable to non-malignant tissue samples, which might be important in the decision, which patients are suited for treatment strategies including ADORA3 activation. Furthermore, we could show that ADORA3 agonist Namodenoson induces the alteration of epigenetic modifying factors, including a broad downregulation of different histone deacetylases (HDACs).
Supporting these observations, we further show, that the co-treatment using ADORA3 agonists and different histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) led to a synergistic inhibition of HCC or CCA cell proliferation. Additionally, this effect could also be shown in ex vivo cultured patient-derived organoids. These results suggest that combining an ADORA3 agonist with an HDACi may be a promising new treatment option for a selected group of patients.
In the second set of experiments, we targeted direct AKT and HDAC inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy and investigated the effect of the cotreatment against three significant hallmarks of HCC and CCA: unrestrained proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and cell death resistance. In cell lines from both tumor entities, we observed that the combination with different HDACi, compared to the mono-treatments, showed an increased inhibition of cell proliferation, a reduction in the ability of the cells to migrate and an induction of apoptosis. We also observed that our combination treatment simultaneously inhibited the AKT dependent PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and as a new observation the AKT independent PI3K/SGK1/mTOR pathway. The combinations were observed to be synergistic in defined settings.
The present study has identified two promising new combination strategies for the treatment of HCC and CCA and provided preliminary evidence for carrying out further investigations in preclinical and clinical studies.