Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic is resulting in a constantly fluctuating and challenging field of research, where public health and socioeconomic decisions must be accompanied by hard scientific evidence. In the work of this thesis, we developed, validated and applied MULTICOV-AB, a multiplex serological assay as a tool for in-depth analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response.
In our clinical assay validation, we achieved improved sensitivity and specificity over widely used commercial assays for classification of previous infection. Although initially hypothesized, we found no evidence of cross-protection from endemic human coronaviruses. During the first wave of the pandemic, children were found to get infected at a lower than average rate and were more often asymptomatic, which we were able to associate with increased antibody formation over adults. Furthermore, we found seroconversion to be independent of a symptomatic course of infection in children and adults.
COVID-19 vaccines were developed and widely disseminated in the population at an unprecedented pace. With the developed assay, we verified early on that mRNA vaccines, which saw their first widespread use during the COVID-19 pandemic, were able to induce a strong humoral immune response. We further found that homologous vector based vaccination elicited an inferior humoral response, in terms of titre and neutralizing activity. In addition, we showed that the humoral immune response peaked roughly 28 days post immunisation and steadily declined over six months, which was compensated by booster vaccinations. Furthermore, we found vaccines to introduce an inferior humoral immune response in patients on haemodialysis and observed fast decreasing antibody levels.
Rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the emergence of virus variants with key mutations, which called into question the effectiveness of vaccine protection. In response, we expanded MULTICOV-AB to include variant-specific antigens. We could show that some virus variants like Alpha and Delta exhibited mild to moderate levels of immune evasion, while others were associated with heavily diminished antibody binding, such as the Omicron sub-lineages. Overall, we were able to deliver data on vaccines, virus variants and groups of special interest such as children or haemodialysis patients in a time sensitive manner, thereby expediting adaption of official recommendations for vaccination regimens as and furthering the understanding of the immunity towards SARS-CoV-2.