Abstract:
The African palaeoanthropological and archaeological record represents the earliest and richest collection of fossils, artefacts and environmental materials concerning the origin and development of our species. Whilst areas such as Eastern, Southern, and Northern Africa have been intensively explored and researched for centuries, other lesser-represented regions, such as West Africa, have not. To date, the currently known archaeological record in West Africa offers only a restricted view of past human presence and activity in the region. West Africa represents over 20% of the total area of the African continent and deserves greater consideration if behavioural dynamics and environmental patterns of African hominins are to be fully understood. To this end, this dissertation and its constituent studies set to provide a more complete understanding of the true extent of past hominin behaviour and palaeoenvironments within Pleistocene West Africa. Given the broad objective of this dissertation, the following explicitly defined studies were carried out: (1) review of the full extent of published literature on Pleistocene West African archaeological deposits and sites, (2) archaeological investigation of specific contexts within tropical and sub-tropical environments, and (3) the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the ancient landscapes of Pleistocene West Africa. The employed methodology merged archaeological, palaeoenvironmental and digital methods, and was applied to a variety of contexts including published literature, archaeological surveys and excavations, lithic assemblages, vertebrate faunal assemblages, paleobotanical remains, and geospatial and paleoclimatic datasets. The results of this dissertation present evidence of a more complex human and environmental history than was previously thought. The re-investigation of published literature demonstrates a sporadic initial presence of hominins throughout the region with recurring occupations before 300,000 years ago during the Early Stone Age. With the establishment of Middle Stone Age traditions in West Africa during the Middle and Late Pleistocene, human populations became interconnected and demonstrated extensive capabilities to survive in tropical environments. The application of detailed and modern survey, excavation and laboratory-based techniques included in this dissertation also highlights the extremely complex cultural and environmental behaviour of hominins in the region. This dissertation serves as an initial framework to understand the true extent of Pleistocene human cultures and their relationship with the landscape in West Africa.