Abstract:
One of today’s major global challenges is the continued global warming and emissions of greenhouse gases. In recent years, the effects of increasing global surface temperatures have become more and more pronounced. Society is facing reoccurring extreme weather events, such as floodings, extreme droughts, and storms. Ecosystems are destroyed and formerly inhabited areas become uninhabitable. To halt the increase of the global temperature and consequently prevent further damage, it is essential to contain greenhouse gas emissions. The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that to restrict global warming to 1.5°C, global net-zero carbon dioxide emissions must be achieved in the early 2050s. As a means of achieving that, a transition towards a circular economy is necessary. Synthesis gas fermentation is a very promising technology to recycle gas mixtures containing carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen gas (H2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Acetogenic bacteria fix the carbon from the gas mixture and convert it to acetate and ethanol. These chemicals can either be used directly, for example, ethanol can be used as a drop-in fuel, or further converted to value-added products for the chemical industry. The process allows for simultaneous recycling of waste gases and the production of platform chemicals or biofuels. Acetogens utilize an ancient linear pathway for carbon fixation, the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, thriving at the thermodynamic limit of life. The Wood-Ljungdahl pathway produces no net ATP, and energy conservation is facilitated via two membrane-bound complexes, a Rhodobacter Nitrogen Fixation‐like complex (Rnf) and an ATPase. Clostridium ljungdahlii is a model acetogen, which has been isolated from chicken yard waste and described in 1993. Since then, researchers have put effort into sequencing and annotating the genome, developing genome editing tools, and optimizing fermentation conditions to achieve maximum production rates of the fermentation products. Recent results show that an aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (AOR) is a key enzyme in the ethanol production pathway during autotrophic growth. The genome of C. ljungdahlii contains three genes for the AOR, two tungsten-containing variants (CLJU_c20110, CLJU_c20210), and the more oxygen-tolerant molybdenum-containing variant (CLJU_c24130). The AOR reduces acetic acid to acetaldehyde using reduced ferredoxin (Fdred). Acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol by an alcohol dehydrogenase in a thermodynamically favorable reaction, making the AOR reaction a rate-limiting step.
In this dissertation, we focus on elucidating the roles of the two isoforms AOR1 and AOR2 for ethanol production in C. ljungdahlii. We present an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool. We apply this tool for the deletion of aor genes individually and in combination, and present the reported phenotype changes. Additionally, we conceptualize a system for heterologous and homologous production of AOR enzymes and ferredoxin in Escherichia coli. Finally, we present the first characterization of C. ljungdahlii wildtype during chemostat fermentation using CO as the sole carbon and energy source. We show that ethanol production can be enhanced drastically by more than 230% by adding external acetate to the feed medium.