Abstract:
Climate change poses challenges for all ecosystems. Plants, as sessile organisms, are particularly vulnerable to shifts in their environmental conditions and are at high risk for local extinction. To avoid extinction and to cope with novel conditions, plant populations can respond through adaptive evolution, which sometimes only requires a few generations to occur. Scientists are using several methods to study how climate change leads to shifts in plant traits. For example, there are studies with herbaria specimens and/or old data collections that include many different species, which help to detect general patterns of trait shifts (e.g. flowering onset). However, such observational studies do not differentiate between plastic responses of plants and the possibility of adaptive evolution. In order to discern between these possibilities, “forward-in-time“ resurrection experiments, where ancestors of a single population are revived and compared to their descendants, can be used. Thus, resurrection experiments are useful for detecting the rate of phenotypic evolution, examining potential trade-offs with co-occurring environmental conditions, and learning about evolutionary rescue, restoration and conservation. Although the number of publications using the “forward-in-time“ resurrection approach is continuously increasing, the published studies often focus only on single species and investigate only one or a few populations. In order to broaden the possibilities of studying the evolution of plant traits in response to climate change, I aimed with this work to turn the “forward-in-time“ resurrection approach into a “back-in-time“ mode, by comparing ancestral seed material stored in seed banks with their contemporary populations.
To gain access to ancestral seed material, I established collaborations with five European seed banks and eventually conducted several common garden greenhouse experiments with 18 plant species, always comparing ancestors with their descendants. In Chapter I, I studied 13 species and investigated differences between ancestors and descendants with regard to phenology (flowering onset) and early growth. Here, I further related climatic data to trait differentiations of the temporal origins. In Chapters II and III, I used watering treatments as a proxy for climate change, which also enables testing for adaptations to drought. In Chapter II, using multiple species detecting general patterns, I focused on trait differentiation in early life stages in response to drought. Whereas the usage of only four species in Chapter III allowed me to increase precision and to study interactions of responses to drought with co-occurring herbivory. Furthermore, I disentangled selective from random forces driving recent trait changes by performing QST- FST comparisons in this study.
Across the three chapters of this thesis, I found evidence that the descendants advanced
their life cycles through rapid growth and advanced flowering. As the populations originated from regions where drought frequencies and intensities have increased during the last decades, it is comprehensible that the observed trait shifts may reflect escape strategies to avoid drought stress in summer. As the observed patterns were consistent across multiple-species, I hypothesise that trait differentiations between ancestors and descendants are the result of selective instead of random evolutionary processes. This assumption is further confirmed by my QST-FST comparisons in Chapter III, which shows that flowering onset was under directional selection.
Besides detecting phenotypic trait shifts that indicate rapid evolution of European plant populations during the last decades, one goal of this thesis was to establish the “back-in-time“ mode for resurrection studies using ancestral seed material stored in seed banks. After performing my experiments and minimising apparent uncertainties of this approach, I am confident that seed bank collections are untapped resources that could enable a variety of future studies, especially with multiple species, to investigate evolutionary changes of plant traits in response to climate change.