Abstract:
Drug discovery and development is a very time-consuming and costly process that requires many in vitro and in vivo studies. Despite numerous studies, over 90 % of drug candidates fail in preclinical or clinical trials due to insufficient safety and efficacy [1]. Drug-induced liver toxici-ty (DILI) is one of the most common cause for the high failure rate and the withdrawal of al-ready approved drugs. So far, the high loss of new drug candidates due to unpredictable hepa-totoxicity is a major problem for the pharmaceutical industry. The reason that the DILI potential of a new drug cannot be determined as early as possible is attributed to the combination of the primitive human test models in toxicological studies, the incomplete knowledge of the DILI mechanism, and the lack of sensitive, reliable biomarkers. Primary human hepatocytes cul-tured flat on an optimized plastic surface are currently the gold standard for toxicology testing, even though this model lacks important organotypic physiology and thus impaired long-term functionality. Recently, advanced cell culture models have come into focus that promise long-term toxicological testing due to the extended functionality of hepatocytes by mimicking physio-logical conditions in vitro.
The aim of this thesis was to establish advanced hepatic cell culture models and evaluate new, more reliable sensitive biomarkers for DILI. The characterization of the advanced models con-firmed the extended in vitro stability and performance of primary liver cells. This was seen by reconstructed polarization, and measurable metabolic activity for extended periods. Moreover, the present results showed that culture configuration has an impact on pathway activity which should be considered when addressing a scientific issue. Functional liver organoids have been differentiated from iPSCs that exhibit liver cell-specific properties. In addition, the data confirms their suitability for long-term toxicological studies.
Primary liver cells retain long-term stable in vitro. This allows the study of potential biomarkers to predict DILI events. Therefore, primary liver cell models were treated long-term with a series of compounds most and least likely to cause DILI. Subsequently, secreted and genetically ex-pressed markers were examined. The study demonstrated the suitability of some proteins and genes as potential biomarkers, but also highlighted the need of the integration of multiple liver cell types, including an immune system, to reliable develop and detect DILI in vitro.
In conclusion, advanced liver models are a promising tool to evaluate potential DILI bi-omarkers, study liver biology, and metabolic and toxicologic profiles in a more physiological related environment. They can be integrated into early screening tools used in industry and academia, lead to a better understanding of drug action, and allow bridging the gap between simple 2D and complex in vivo models in the drug development process.