Abstract:
Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis are the best studied hominin groups. However, many questions remain regarding their evolution, relationships and potential interaction. To reduce existing knowledge gaps three virtual anthropological case studies focused on so far poorly studied fossil materials from understudied Mediterranean regions.
In the first case study, the two partial Middle Pleistocene crania from Apidima were analyzed via metrics, virtual cranial reconstruction and ectocranial landmark-based shape analysis. The results supported previous attributions of Apidima 2 to the Neanderthal lineage and suggested an association of Apidima 1 with the H. sapiens lineage. The latter contributed to the scientific debate about the timing and range of early H. sapiens dispersals out of Africa and the temporal and spatial possibilities for interaction between H. sapiens and Neanderthals.
The second case study was concerned with the taxonomic affiliation of an isolated upper wisdom tooth from the Megalopolis Basin, Greece. Its lack of context and state of preservation limited previous taxonomic attributions. The analyses of dental crown outline shape and form (shape plus size) showed similarities to our Neanderthal sample and thereby, are in agreement with including the molar into the growing Pleistocene Greek hominin fossil record.
The morphological affinities of a Late Pleistocene juvenile maxillary fragment from Mugharet el’Aliya, Morocco, were in focus of the third case study. This individual has previously been assigned to both the modern human and Neanderthal lineage. Analyses of the entire preserved external morphology via the novel surface registration method showed no size-independent affinities of Mugharet el’Aliya to Neanderthals of comparable age, while linking it with a juvenile early H. sapiens individual from Qafzeh. The results contributed to our knowledge about the ontogeny of adult Neanderthal and fossil H. sapiens morphology, and the growing evidence connecting cranio-dental morphology from the Levant and the Northwest African Middle Stone Age.
This dissertation employed virtual methods to the study of fragmentary hominin fossil remains and thereby, placed them into to the scientific discussion about fossil H. sapiens and Neanderthals, their facial ontogeny and evolution, as well as early H. sapiens dispersals out of Africa.