Abstract:
Amongst the noninvasive imaging technologies that are routinely used for clinical diagnostics, two are of particular interest for oncological imaging: positron emission tomography (PET), which utilizes a radioactive labeled tracer to monitor biological processes with great precision down to the molecular level, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a radiation-free technology that makes use of magnetic fields and their distinct responses to different tissues to gather both anatomical and functional information with high soft tissue contrast. The complementary combination of both modalities further boosts their value for oncological imaging by enhancing the accuracy of the diagnosis, allowing for individual therapy planning, and monitoring the treatment response. Combined PET/MRI is currently used to detect breast cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. To this end, a radio frequency (RF) coil dedicated to the breast is used to enhance the quality of the MR image. PET imaging, however, is still performed using clinical whole-body PET systems without taking into account the demand for high resolution in the submillimeter range to detect small lesions inside the breast. To overcome the inherent disadvantages, such as limited spatial resolution and sensitivity, this thesis considers the design and development of a dedicated breast PET/MRI insert.
For this purpose, design concepts were developed, including the initial geometry of the insert, its integration into the RF coil, the constraints on the PET detectors, and the possibility of a simultaneous operation with the whole-body PET/MRI scanner. This thesis also introduces the idea of processing mixed events, or events that are detected in coincidence between both PET systems (the breast PET/MRI insert and the whole-body PET/MRI scanner). This method has the potential to resolve small metastases in the thorax and the axilla region of the breast and would significantly improve diagnostic and therapeutic choices.
PET detectors and system electronics are essential for building the PET/MRI insert. A promising candidate for this purpose is the Hamamatsu PET modules (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Japan), as they feature high performance, compact integration, and modular technology, thus providing the flexibility required for prototyping. This study performed comprehensive tests of these modules to evaluate their suitability for use as the breast PET/MRI insert. The results showed that the PET modules could stably operate over time and temperature changes. However, the PET modules were only available with scintillation crystals of such large sizes that the corresponding spatial resolution would be unacceptable for the breast PET/MRI insert. This thesis demonstrated that the Hamamatsu modules could be used with the researcher’s own photosensors and scintillation blocks with a small crystal size of 1.5 mm, enabling a high spatial resolution. Therefore, a prototype detector with a light sharing approach and a corresponding data processing algorithm was developed.
In addition to extensively testing the PET hardware, one focus of this work was to evaluate the detector’s performance inside the MRI scanner. The integration of a PET system into an MRI scanner naturally comes with several problems for both modalities. On the one hand, the MRI scanner is a highly sensitive device that can be distorted by the smallest electromagnetic interference. On the other hand, the MRI scanner itself is a harsh environment due to the presence of strong magnetic fields and can potentially interact with the communication lines and electronics of the PET modules. The original PET modules were not designed to operate inside an MRI scanner. Therefore, the work conducted for this thesis included several modifications of the PET system setup and iterative tests for MRI compatibility inside the MRI scanner. Special test sequences and corresponding analysis methods were utilized to gain insight into how the digital PET event data was affected by the individual components of the MRI scanner. Finally, the mutual interference between both systems could be limited to an acceptable level through the following actions: locating the back-end electronics outside of the MRI room, constructing a proper RF shield for the detectors, filtering the power lines, and generating a signal transmission via optical fibers.
In summary, this thesis reached essential milestones for developing a breast PET/MRI insert for a clinical whole-body PET/MRI scanner. This work enables a further refined development of the detectors and the entire insert driven by advanced simulations to guide the experimental setup. In addition, the results of this thesis are not specifically limited to the breast insert; instead, they can be applied to other PET systems, such as those used for small animals or brain imaging, as well as to the operation of PET detectors inside MRI scanners in general.