Abstract:
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases worldwide. Even though many
etiologies exist, only a small percentage of epilepsy cases can be traced back to
monogenetic alterations. In this work, mutations in two genes, encoding a sodium or a
calcium channel, that occur in patients with genetic epilepsy were studied.
A patient in France with focal epilepsy and severe intellectual disability was diagnosed
with the c.632 G>A (p.G211D) mutation in SCN2A, a well-known epilepsy gene. SCN2A
encodes for NaV1.2, one of the main sodium channels in the human brain during early
stages of development. The mutation was introduced into the wild type gene and
overexpressed in tsA201 cells. Voltage clamp recordings of the transfected cells showed
a -7 mV shift in the voltage dependence of activation and a debatable smaller persistent
current compared to the wild type channel. We suspect the major gain of function in the
channel, resulting out of the shift in the activation curve, to be the main cause of disease
in this patient. Furthermore, the reduced persistent current might indicate an additional
loss of function.
In another worldwide collaborative study, mutations in the novel epilepsy gene
CACNA1E were identified in 30 children with early infantile epilepsy and developmental
delay. Most patients were severely affected and showed pharmacoresistant epilepsy and
congenital hypotonia and contractures. CACNA1E encodes the R-Type calcium channel
CaV2.3, which is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Three missense
mutations c.2093 T>C (p.F698S), c.2101 A>G (p.I701V), and c.2104 G>A (p.A702T)
were introduced into the wild type gene and expressed heterologously in tsA201 cells.
Voltage clamp recordings of the transfected non-neuronal cells showed a distinctive
electrophysiological phenotype with a shift of the voltage dependence of activation to
more negative values and a prolonged inactivation in comparison to the wild type. We
suspect that this very consistent gain of function in the channel is the cause of disease in
these patients.