Abstract:
Metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, including neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine carcinomas, are still a fatal disease and are in desperate need for novel promising therapy options.
For oncolytic virotherapy, viruses are genetically engineered or selected to specifically replicate in tumor cells. By infecting, replicating and releasing viral progeny, oncolytic viruses spread infectiously through the tumor tissue and lyse tumor cells. Simultaneously, an inflammatory environment is created within the tumor, attracting immune cells and mobilizing the patient’s immune system to perform a widespread systemic antitumor immune response.
This study aimed to evaluate oncolytic virotherapy for neuroendocrine neoplasms. Two oncolytic viruses, which have both already been administered to patients in clinical trials, were selected to be studied for their activity in six cell lines derived from neuroendocrine neoplasms. GLV-1h68 is an oncolytic vaccinia virus currently being tested in clinical phase I/II trials for several other cancer entities. The second virus is the herpes simplex virus T-VEC, being already clinically approved for treatment of advanced melanoma.
Six cell lines, two of them originating from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, two derived from neuroendocrine tumors of the lung and two originating from neuroendocrine carcinomas were employed in this study. The impact of both viruses on cell viability was measured using SRB viability assays and the development of cell viability over time was studied using real-time cell monitoring. Further, virus replication was quantified, microscopic pictures of the infected cell layer were taken and transgene expression of both viruses was assessed. Additionally, transmission electron microscopic pictures were taken to visualize T-VEC envelopment and cell egress. For both viruses, a combinatorial regimen using Everolimus, a state-of-the-art treatment for neuroendocrine tumors, was evaluated employing the same methods. Moreover, the effect of Ganciclovir on T-VEC treatment of cells from neuroendocrine neoplasms was studied.
Both viruses were shown to infect, replicate in and kill tumor cells in a time and dose dependent manner. T-VEC required outstandingly low concentrations, thereby characterizing itself as a particularly promising drug candidate for neuroendocrine neoplasms. Via electron microscopy, the T-VEC virions as well as the cellular responses of neuroendocrine tumor cells to virus infection could be visualized. Transgene expression was found to be strong with both viral agents. The combinatorial treatment with Everolimus was only found to be slightly superior to monotherapy. The potency of Ganciclovir as a virostatic drug for T-VEC could be proven, efficiently limiting T-VEC replication.
In summary, oncolytic virotherapy was found to be a promising therapy for neuroendocrine neoplasms in vitro. Both, GLV-1h68 and T-VEC, were shown to have high oncolytic activity in a broad spectrum of cell lines originating from neuroendocrine neoplasms. T-VEC especially demands for further preclinical and clinical development, only requiring strikingly low concentrations to replicate in and kill tumor cells. The future role of a combinatorial treatment with Everolimus remains unclear, yet still being a considerable treatment option. Ganciclovir was shown to be an important safety feature in T-VEC mediated virotherapy, preventing safety concerns using a replication competent viral vector.