Abstract:
Plant root morphogenesis, including primary patterning, secondary development and formation of lateral roots and root hairs, determines root system architecture, and hence the overall plant growth and performance. The root systems influence the efficiency of water uptake and acquisition of nutrients, and thereby plant adaptations to local environments. Therefore, decoding the regulation of root morphogenesis is of vital ecological and agronomic importance. Pericycle cells are deeply embedded in a distinctive layer of root, surrounding the procambium (i.e. primary xylem and phloem) and are crucial for the initiation of some key root tissues/structures. Particularly, lateral roots and phellogen (cork cambium) are initiated and differentiated from pericycle cells, producing root branching systems and a protective barrier of plant organ/tissue called periderm. Furthermore, secondary meristems indeed partially originate from pericycle cells that give rise to xylem and phloem, and ultimately contribute to the formation of vascular cambium.
Root morphogenesis is largely determined by the balance of stem cell proliferation and differentiation, which are largely regulated by phytohormones. Specifically, auxin-mediated signalling networks are commonly known to buffer the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells in many developmental contexts, including lateral roots development and vascular cambium establishment. Intriguingly, auxin is found to be enriched in pericycle cells. However, it remains unclear whether and how auxin and its downstream regulators coordinate and control the cell fate decisions of pericycle cells to the formation of distinct root organs/tissues, i.e. vascular cambium and phellogen, thereby promoting secondary growth.
Here, using the Arabidopsis root as a model, I showed that auxin is accumulated in phellogen and plays an essential role in phellogen establishment and maintenance. Based on my genetic and gene expression data, I demonstrated distinct IAAs-ARFs module and downstream targets control lateral roots versus vascular cambium and phellogen. Moreover, the initiation of the vascular cambium precedes, and is prerequisite to phellogen establishment. Interestingly, after the establishment of vascular cambium and phellogen, I found altering auxin signalling specifically in the phellogen affects the activity of the vascular cambium, hinting at a compensation mechanism balancing
2
secondary growth output. I further showed that several auxin-mediated downstream signalling regulators, including KNAT1/BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP), WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 4 (WOX4), ERECTA (ER), and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT), accumulates in the vascular cambium and the phellogen. I found that ER may act as the upstream regulator of BP, WOX4, and ANT, and enlarges the girth of roots. Tissue specific overexpression of BP and WOX4 in the phellogen and vascular cambium largely increased the periderm layers and the girth of the roots. Furthermore, ER-ANT module promotes vascular cambium proliferation and directs its differentiation, which influence phloem regulation and vascular cambium division, and largely increase the quantity of phloem and vascular cambium cell number, whereas ER-ANT module represses xylem cell formation and decreases xylem area.
To sum up, my studies here collectively demonstrate that the specificity of pericycle stem cell fate is achieved by distinct auxin induced modules; and the results provide molecular insights into how ER-ANT module modifies vascular cambium proliferation and differentiation.