Abstract:
Many conventional preservatives for dermal formulations have recently fallen into disrepute due to various reasons, in particular when they are used in pediatric preparations. This results in a high demand for alternative components for antimicrobial preservation. The alkanediols 2 methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,2 pentanediol, 1,2 hexanediol and 1,2 octanediol studied in this work are substances which may substitute conventional preservatives. Owing to their amphiphilic structure, they exhibit antimicrobial activity. However, this amphiphilicity also entails a high interaction potential of alkanediols with liquid crystalline structures in cream bases. Moreover, alkanediols may influence drug release as well as skin penetration as a further consequence of their amphiphilic characteristics. Therefore, it was the objective of this thesis to investigate the effects of the above-mentioned alkanediols on the properties of four commonly used semisolid formulations for dermal application.
The first part of the work presents results of the analysis of the interfacial activity of the alkanediols. A positive direct correlation was found between the interfacial activity and the chain length of the alkyl residue of the alkanediols. Consequently, the interfacial activity is linked to the amphiphilicity of the alkanediols.
The effects of the alkanediols on the stability and the inner structure of a nonionic hydrophilic cream (NHC) are described in the second part. Furthermore, this part assesses the preservative effect of the studied alkanediols by means of the test for efficacy of antimicrobial preservation according to the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.). The incorporation of alkanediols into the mixed crystals of the cream was demonstrated to augment with increasing chain length, resulting in formulations with a slightly reduced consistency. However, the stability of the formulations was not altered by the addition of alkanediols. The test for efficacy of antimicrobial preservation revealed that the antimicrobial properties are also directly related to the chain length, as increasing chain lengths favor the incorporation of the analyzed alkanediols into microbial membranes.
The third part of the present work addresses the alteration of the release of the model drug triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) by the tested alkanediols. The addition of alkanediols was found to affect the release of TAA from different formulations to various extents. Adding alkanediols to a hydrogel formulation resulted in a slightly increased release rate of the active ingredient with increasing chain length of the added alkanediol. In contrast to this, longer-chained alkanediols reduced the TAA release rate from all tested creams.
Finally, in the last section, studies of the TAA skin penetration and permeation from the various formulations are presented. Further, the modification of the order of the stratum corneum lipids by the alkanediols is evaluated. The results showed that alkanediols generally increased the TAA penetration. The observed effect again strongly depended on the formulation as well as on the alkanediol used. Since only the longer-chained alkanediols led to a significant disorder of the stratum corneum lipids, the penetration-enhancing effect of the shorter-chained alkanediols is likely caused by other factors.
Overall, the results of this work clearly confirm that the studied alkanediols are very well suited as alternative preservatives in dermal preparations when considering their effects on the consistency of the formulation, the drug release and the skin penetration.