Abstract:
With its excellent instruments, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has served the UV community for over thirty years, providing the opportunity to acquire data for its projects. With the HST expected to be in operation for only five more years and the future James Webb Space Telescope not covering the UV spectral region, there may be an observational gap in the UV. Delays in the WSO-UV space telescope and long lead times on even larger missions mean that this gap can only be filled by smaller, more specialized telescopes. In turn, the instruments installed in these smaller telescopes must meet relatively stringent space, power, and mass requirements.
Therefore, an imaging microchannel plate (MCP) detector for the near to far ultraviolet spectral range is being developed at the Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics Tübingen (IAAT), combining high spatial resolution with relatively low mass (3 kg), power consumption (15 W) and size. The detector is also photon counting and does not require active cooling to achieve a dark count rate superior to that of cooled CCDs.
The focus of this work is to present the steps in the development of the detector. In the first chapter an overview of the design of the detector is given. The setup must allow to determine the position of up to 300000 UV photons per second with a positional accuracy of about 20 µm. The working principle of the detector electronics is only outlined. Instead, the components installed in the detector head and their characteristics are described in detail. Particularly worth mentioning are the possibilities offered by the use of MCPs, in which glass capillary arrays are coated using atomic layer deposition. In addition to a longer lifetime and a further reduced dark count rate, this is primarily their temperature resistance of 450 °C. With optimised annealing processes in the manufacturing process of a resistive layer, these temperatures can be even higher. This enables the growth of GaN on such MCPs and the activation of getter films in the detector head.
The detector uses a photocathode with negative electron affinity to convert incident UV photons into photoelectrons. This combines a high conversion rate, called quantum efficiency (QE), with a low dark current. The focus of the corresponding chapter is on the detailed description of the external photoelectric effect in the case of caesium-activated and p-doped gallium nitride (GaN) photocathodes.
In the third part of this work, the experimental setup and the results of the performed experiments are presented. The first experiment is the sealing of diodes with 2.5 cm diameter substrates and caesium activated photocathode. Two diodes were successfully sealed, and it was shown that the photocathode does not degrade. The main requirement for successful sealing is properly coated sealing surfaces. The caesium telluride photocathodes needed for the sealing tests are fabricated and measured in another ultra-high vacuum chamber. A further series of experiments involves optimizing the growth and activation parameters of GaN photocathodes on magnesium fluoride ( MgF2) substrates. Since MgF2 is transparent in a broader spectral range compared to sapphire and even includes the Lyman-alpha line, its use in an encapsulated UV detector is usually advantageous. However, poor results are initially obtained on MgF2 compared to GaN on sapphire substrates. This is mainly because the parameters obtained from cleaning or annealing sapphire substrates cannot be easily transferred to MgF2. For example, MgF2 is more sensitive to the high temperatures during growth, annealing, and bakeout. Therefore, many parameters need to be optimised in the fabrication of such a photocathode. Experiments include optimization of the growth temperature and p-doping of the corresponding films. After optimization, it was shown that a QE equally high as found in literature for comparable films on sapphire is obtained. This means that these films are suitable to achieve a QE of 20-30 % in semi-transparent mode, provided that an ohmic contact can be created by ``soft annealing''.
Finally, high-resolution STIS spectra from the hot white dwarfs WD0455-282, WD0621-376, and WD2211-495 are analysed. There are three main goals in this analysis. First, when building a detector, a good understanding of the properties of the measured data obtained with the detector should also be acquired. Second, the main scientific goal of a mission is to use the instrument with the IAAT detector to acquire data from astronomical objects of interest. The knowledge needed to analyse and interpret these data can already be acquired with the analysis of existing data. Finally, the obtained results are compared with the analyses of the same spectra found in literature.