Abstract:
Organisms affect and shape each other, both during their own lifespans and in evolutionary terms. The relationship between a host and its colonizing microbes can have major immediate and long-term effects on host health. Whether the colonizing microbes have a good impact or a bad one depends in part on how those microbes interact with each other. Overproliferation of pathogenic microbes is associated with negative impacts on the host health. This can be countered by protective microbes, which may suppress pathogenic ones. Taken together with the host immune system, the complicated host-microbe-microbe dynamics form a balance of fitness between the host and its microbes. Of specific interest are the dynamics between plants and microbes. Phytopathogens harm global agricultural production, yet are often somehow held in check in wild settings. In this thesis, I am studying the plant-microbe-microbe interface using Arabidopsis thaliana and its associated bacterial genus Pseudomonas, leveraging a collection of 1,524 Pseudomonas strains which were isolated from plants of the same geographic region.
In the first chapter, I focus on synergistic effects, studying the interactions between multiple coexisting pathogenic and commensal Pseudomonas strains with a panel of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. By employing synthetic communities of genome-barcoded strains, I monitored the abundance of individual isolates in the context of communities, including exclusively commensal, exclusively pathogenic, and mixed commensal and pathogenic communities. I revealed that the inclusion of commensal members led to inhibition of pathogens, preventing the harmful effect on plant biomass. I associated these protective interactions with both microbe-microbe interactions and with the host transcriptomic signature. I found that the extent of plant protection varied with host genotype, further highlighting the role of the host in mediating protective interactions. Finally, I unravelled similar genotype-specific effects on the microbial side, presenting how an individual Pseudomonas pathogenic isolate caused this differential protection effect.
In the second chapter, I investigate (i) the prevalence of protection against pathogens by commensal Pseudomonas, (ii) the taxonomic specificity of such protection and (iii) the bacterial elements in commensal Pseudomonas that lead to protection. To address these questions, I made systematic co-infections, pairing each of ninety-nine locally-isolated commensal isolates with a local Pseudomonas pathogen. The majority of these wild commensal Pseudomonas protected the plant to some extent. In particular, one taxonomic group was enriched for protective isolates. However, the ability to protect the plant varied between closely related strains, even within this protective group. I leveraged this variation to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS), pinpointing gene orthologs in presence-absence variation that are associated with the protective ability. Instead of a universal set, I found taxon-specific gene sets. According to gene annotation, these sets indicated different mechanisms of protection, including iron-uptake, antibiosis, and motility. Using gene deletion, I validated the role of a subset of genes, confirming a link between plant protection with three iron-uptake genes and one biofilm-related gene.
Collectively, this work advances our knowledge about how genetic diversity in both the microbe and the host affects the outcome of the interaction, disentangling different aspects of this complex system. Among the main conclusions of this work is that commensal bacteria are an important factor in maintaining plant health, acting via multiple competitive microbe-microbe mechanisms and via induction of the host immune response. Ultimately, application of such commensal bacteria to control pathogens may sustainably improve global agriculture.