Abstract:
Since the 1990 years, there is a worldwide increase in diagnosed depressions. Accompanied with this, the prescription rates of pharmaceuticals treating depression is raising. These antidepressants are partly excreted unchanged and enter wastewater treatment plants via the sewage system. Here, antidepressants are not eliminated completely and can therefore enter surface waters. In the last decades, antidepressants are found frequently in surface waters with increasing concentrations. These groups of pharmaceuticals have a very conserved mode of action, namely inhibiting the reuptake of neurotransmitter like serotonin and/or noradrenalin, which makes influences of antidepressants on exposed aquatic organisms highly probable. In Germany, citalopram and venlafaxine are the most prescribed antidepressants and belong to the groups of selective serotonin or serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors, respectively. Both substances were frequently found in populated areas all around the word. Furthermore, in several studies, both antidepressants showed adverse effects in aquatic species, including behavioural changes in fish.
The work in hand is embedded in the project Effect-Net, which investigates the effects of high consumption chemicals such as antidiabetics, antidepressants and artificial sweeteners in aquatic species. The results aim at having repercussions on political and cultural discussions and, as a consequence, at reducing the discharge of these chemicals into the environment. To provide information on antidepressant-related effects in feral fish, in the present work brown trout were exposed against environmentally relevant up to explicitly higher concentrations of the antidepressants citalopram and venlafaxin in two different life stages. Possible impact on behaviour, growth, development, health and different biochemical biomarkers were assessed. It became apparent that citalopram and venlafaxine both affected behaviour and growth of fish. When exposed to high concentrations of either citalopram or venlafaxine fish stayed longer time in the upper part of the aquaria near the water surface during the exposure. In addition, the overall activity of exposed fish was decreased in a stressful environment setup. Both can be attributed to the anti-anxiety effect of the two pharmaceuticals. Citalopram led to a decreased growth in fish exposed to 1000 μg/L. Similarly, venlafaxine exposure resulted in a reduced growth of exposed brown trout larvae but not juvenile brown trout. However, a trend to increased mortality in brown trout larvae exposed to 1000 μg/L venlafaxine could be shown, whilst citalopram did not affect mortality. Histopathological examination of livers of brown trout exposed to at least 100 μg/L citalopram showed a decreased health of fish. An exposure to 1000 μg/L citalopram led to a reduction in liver glycogen content. Venlafaxine did not result in any histological alterations in the liver. Though, venlafaxine exposed brown trout showed an increased superoxide dismutase activity, which is a marker for oxidative stress. Both substances did not have any effect on the hatching rate and heart rate of exposed brown trout larvae. Likewise, neither citalopram nor venlafaxine did alter the B-esterase activity (marker for neurotoxicity), the Hsp70 level (marker for proteotoxicity) or the muscle- and kidney tissue cortisol (marker for stress) content of brow trout.
Altogether, for both antidepressants an anti-anxiety effect in brown trout could be shown. All observed effects can be related to effects and side-effects known for humans. Likewise, the differences between the substances can be explained. All shown effects were stronger in brown trout larvae; however, the effects could not be attributed to particularly to the exposure time, the temperature or the life stage. Summarising, the effects support the conclusion, that the antidepressants citalopram and venlafaxine have effects on non-target organisms like brown trout. Furthermore, comparing the results with environmental concentrations and applying safety factors, an environmental risk posed by either citalopram or venlafaxine cannot be excluded.