Abstract:
Using diagnostic WES and trio-WES, we found new de novo variants in the genes HIVEP2, KCNC1 and SLC12A6. Clinical phenotypes of our patients were different from the previously reported HIVEP2, KCNC1 and SLC12A6 related disorders.
Patients with de novo truncating variants in HIVEP2 had ID with other non-specific variable clinical characteristics (Park et al., 2019a, Srivastava et al., 2016, Steinfeld et al., 2016). A clear genotype-phenotype regarding the severity of ID and neurological features could not be concluded. The de novo Arg320His variant in KCNC1 caused MEAK syndrome and patients with a de novo Ala421Val change showed GDD with epilepsy, thus a clear genotype-phenotype correlation could be assessed for these two variants (Cameron et al., 2019, Muona et al., 2015, Oliver et al., 2017, Park et al., 2019c). However, trio-WES revealed other de novo variants causing ID without seizures or non-progressive mild myoclonus/tremor. Therefore, we propose that the phenotypic spectrum of KCNC1 related disorder might be more diverse, and rare de novo variants in KCNC1 should be considered in patients with epilepsy, ID as well as myoclonus/tremor. Heterozygous de novo variants in SLC12A6 have been identified in infantile-onset progressive neuropathy patients; we classified the disorder as DI-CMT. Homozygous or compound-heterozygous truncating variants are known to cause Andermann syndrome (Hauser et al., 1993, Larbrisseau et al., 1984, Rudnik-Schoneborn et al., 2009, Uyanik et al., 2006).
Functional evaluation in Xenopus oocytes displayed LoF for all our new identified variants in KCNC1 and SLC12A6, but a clear correlation between the gene variant function and phenotype could not be deduced. Therefore, it should be reflected that variant-specific pathomechanism leading to a certain phenotype can be far more complex. Clarifying the consequences of pathogenic variants in vivo may play an important role for developing a molecular targeted therapy.
Our publications demonstrate that the phenotypic spectrum of all three genes is wider than first described. Further identification of patients and functional analyses might provide a clear genotype-phenotype correlation and even further extend the phenotypic spectrum, but they might also reveal that the clinical presentation, disease severity and progression will vary between individuals regardless of the specific location or function of a single variant.