Abstract:
Innate and adaptive B cells are the main cellular effectors of humoral immunity as they possess the unique ability to produce life-saving antibodies. Depending on the type of antigen that is encountered, B-cell responses can be characterized into two major categories, namely thymus/ T-cell-independent (TI) and thymus/ T-cell-dependent (TD). Responses to TI antigens are mainly mediated by innate B-cell subsets that rapidly provide low-affinity antibodies as an important first line of defense. On the other hand, TD antigens trigger an adaptive germinal center reaction, resulting in generation of high-affinity plasma cells and the formation of immunological memory. Both, TI and TD antibody responses are tightly controlled by various regulatory pathways that remain incompletely understood.
In this work, we dissected the role of the immunoinhibitory adaptor protein SLy2 and the chemokine receptor CXCR1 for innate and adaptive B-cell responses. To this end, we systematically analyzed B-cell compartments and antibody titers in mice globally lacking the expression of SLy2 or CXCR1. Complementarily, we studied SLy2-overexpressing mice.
Initially, we performed ex vivo analyses on B cells and natural antibodies under homeostatic conditions. In addition, in vitro proliferation, class-switch and antibody secretion of isolated B cells were investigated. Subsequently, animals were immunized with TI and TD antigens to measure their specific B-cell response. Since infections with the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae are responsible for a huge burden of disease worldwide despite the availability of vaccines, we set a special focus on pneumococcal antigens. For this reason, we also implemented in vivo survival studies in the context of acute pneumococcal lung infection.
Our findings demonstrate that SLy2 negatively controls the production of IgM and IgG antibodies to TI and TD pneumococcal vaccines, respectively. We further show a severe reduction of bone marrow-resident progenitor cells in SLy2-overexpressing mice. By contrast, SLy2-deletion causes an improvement of B-1 cell immunity. Besides, we report a previously unknown relevance of CXCR1 for adaptive B-cell responses. Specifically, CXCR1-deficient mice harbor increased populations of follicular B cells, accompanied by strengthened IgG1 responses to TD immunization. In summary, we provide novel insights into the regulation of antibody responses which could be useful for the development of future immunotherapeutic interventions.