Abstract:
Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most debilitating symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), resulting in falls, injuries and immobility. Although FOG usually responds well to therapy in earlier stages of PD, as the disease progresses it becomes increasingly resistant to therapy. Only some patients show an improvement in FOG after deep brain stimulation of nucleus subthalamicus (STN-DBS), while remaining patients still suffer from FOG. STN-DBS is also shown to aggravate or even trigger FOG in some patients.
There are no predictive factors to stratify FOG response to deep brain stimulation. In our study, we aimed to find clinical and kinematic variables that may affect FOG outcome. We characterized 18 PD patients, 13 of them with preoperative FOG, undergoing STN-DBS treatment, both preoperatively and postoperatively. As primary outcome we focused on FOG and its relation to certain clinical surrogates, as well as kinematic features. At the preoperative assessment we included examinations under both medication off and medication on condition. First postoperative evaluation was conducted eight weeks after operation in medication off condition, once with stimulation switched off, followed by stimulation switched on to evaluate its effect. We have reassessed the patients on the same measures six months after STN-DBS implantation on their best individual treatment (medication on/stimulation on condition) to evaluate the overall outcome of FOG.
FOG, evaluated by the FOG Assessment Course (FOG-AC), improved significantly at six-month follow-up compared with the preoperative medication off condition. We observed a positive postoperative FOG outcome, when FOG-AC responded well to levodopa preoperatively. Furthermore, preoperative severity of FOG-AC in medication off condition and preoperative levodopa response of PIGD subscore were linked to a better FOG outcome. Among kinematic gait parameters, preoperative levodopa response of range of motion at ankle and at knee level as well as stride length pointed to a better outcome. A further regression model showed that preoperative levodopa response of FOG-AC predicted the postoperative FOG outcome.
These findings need to be confirmed in further studies with a larger patient cohort, such as in a multicenter study. Our study delivers candidate parameters for this purpose, which can be used for the study design and a statistical data-based estimation of number of required cases.