Abstract:
Accidental crude oil spills can cause substantial environmental damage in marine ecosystems. During the emergency spill response, chemical dispersants (= solvent-surfactant mixtures) are often applied with the aim of reducing ecological and economic damage due to floating and beached oil. However, the use of chemical dispersants remains controversial due to their inherent toxicity potential and uncertainties about their ecological effects, including their influence on affected seawater microbial communities and native oil/hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. The scientific literature on this topic is characterized by contradictory findings and a lack of data on the underlying mechanisms of observed dispersant effects on oil-degrading bacteria. Therefore, this work aimed to determine and elucidate the impacts of chemical dispersants on oil-degrading microorganisms by examining their effects on different ecological levels. First, the response of environmental seawater microbial communities from the Arctic Ocean and the North Sea to chemical dispersant exposure was determined by performing laboratory seawater microcosm experiments that simulated oil spill conditions and monitored oil biodegradation potential, as well as microbial community dynamics. These studies showed that while biodegradation of several aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons was not substantially affected by chemical dispersant addition, lower cell numbers and the enrichment of a distinct community of hydrocarbon- and/or dispersant-degrading bacterial taxa were observed. Additionally, persistent organic compounds (likely dispersant-derived) were observed in dispersant-amended microcosms and the application of inorganic nutrients (i.e. biostimulation) was identified as a promising alternative approach to dispersant application in potential future Arctic Ocean oil spills. Next, the model organism Marinobacter sp. TT1 was investigated in order to identify the effects of chemical dispersant exposure on growth, alkane biodegradation activity and cellular processes of this marine hydrocarbon degrader. The growth and n hexadecane biodegradation efficiency of previously starved cells was significantly inhibited when exposed to the dispersant, revealing that substrate limitation, resembling oligotrophic open ocean conditions, can affect the microbial response to dispersants. Comparative proteomic analyses indicated that the chemical dispersant Corexit EC9500 affected hydrocarbon metabolism, chemotactic motility, and biofilm formation, while also inducing solvent-stress response mechanisms in Marinobacter sp. TT1. For the first time, the proteins associated with a proposed microbial metabolism of Corexit components as carbon substrates were identified, revealing that strain TT1 likely metabolized different components of Corexit EC 9500. Furthermore, the first evidence of alginate biosynthesis associated with the metabolism of n-hexadecane in a member of the Marinobacter genus was also documented. Taken together, the obtained findings significantly deepen our understanding of how and why chemical dispersants impact oil-degrading microorganisms and should be taken into consideration during future oil spill response planning.