Abstract:
The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms represents a substantial threat for mankind. To-date, antibiotic-resistant bacteria are responsible for more than 670,000 infections and nearly 33,000 deaths in the European Union every year - with upward tendency. None of the common antibiotics are effective against these bacteria. Because of this alarming development, WHO has been forced to publish a dossier to draw attention to the prioritization of research and development of novel antibiotics.
Host defense peptides (HDPs) – formerly known as antimicrobial peptides – are an important component of the innate immune system and possess a broad range of antimicrobial and immune modulatory properties to control infections. Defensins, the most prominent class of HDPs in humans, has been subject to extensive research focus as potential therapeutics. These small cationic molecules can be classified into α- and β-defensins by their characteristic arrangement of disulphide bridges. Unfortunately, the production of these precisely folded peptides on an industrial scale is a technically complex and expensive process. Thus, new cost-effective strategies more resilient to multidrug resistance are urgently needed. An innovative concept to overcome some of the production-associated hurdles is to generate antimicrobial active peptide fragments by proteolytic cleavage.
Herein, we used the strategy of proteolytic digestion of HDPs to generate new biologically active fragments. The linearized forms of the human neutrophil peptide-4 and human β-defensin-1 are susceptible to proteolytic degradation and served as precursors. This way, we discovered HNP-41-11 and an eight-amino acid carboxyl-terminal fragment of hBD1, called octapeptide. Both fragments displayed a broad antimicrobial spectrum without showing toxicity to human cells.
In addition, we modified the octapeptide N-terminal with palmitic acid together with different spacers such as sugars or amino acids to create a set of unique lipopeptides (Pam’s) with increased stability and bactericidal activity. The most promising peptide, Pam-3 exhibited prominent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens and additionally eradicated already established biofilms in vitro, without inducing drug-resistance. In mouse models, Pam-3 selectively reduced acute intestinal Salmonella and established Citrobacter infections, without compromising the core microbiota, hence displaying an added benefit to traditional broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Taken together, we demonstrated that small peptide fragments on the basis of human defensins have great potential to combat multidrug-resistant infections. Further studies are warranted to unleash their full potential and hopefully opening a new chapter of effective treatment strategies.