Abstract:
Evolutionary studies have taken advantage of the massive amount of genomic data produced after the revolution of the next generation sequencing platforms. This momentum has been accompanied by major developments in DNA isolation methods, library preparation protocols and a steady increase in computational capacity to handle big datasets. Because evolution is the study of the accumulation of genetic variation through time, the direct access to snapshots of genetic variation through different historical periods can remarkably increase the accuracy and understanding of evolutionary inferences. Ancient DNA research has profited from the sequencing revolution by enabling the technical access to the genomes of ancient and historical sources e.g., subfossil records, museum specimens and herbarium samples. Making use of ancient DNA sources, I investigated the phylogenomic relationships and demographic histories in two different systems. First, with the combined use of extinct pinned insect museum specimens and high-quality sequenced reads and assemblies derived from present-day specimens, I sought to investigate the phylogenomic relations between the Oryctes scarab beetles in the Mascarene islands. For the first time, I ascertained the evolutionary relationships among those beetles using molecular phylogenetics and site patterns-based D-statistics. Moreover, and based on this reconstruction, I discovered two likely independent colonization events in the Reunión island and, a post-colonization case of dwarfism and loss of flight ability in one of the species, before classified as an outgroup. These results pave the way on the use of ancient DNA and extinct museum specimens in the study of insect phylogenomics as one of the most biologically important yet underrepresented taxa. Additionally, I analyzed the population structure and demographic history of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. By combining the temporal resolution of genomes from infected rice leaf herbarium samples together with a worldwide dataset, I showed that the current population structure of the pathogen is grouped in three pandemic clonal lineages and a cluster of recombining individuals mainly grouped in their likely centre or origin. With the use of the herbarium samples, I estimated the time of origin of the pandemic clonal lineages to less than 400 years ago. Finally, by inspecting the repertoire of effector genes of the isolates, I showed different patterns of loss and gains of effector genes associated with the different clonal lineages. This work opens the way to functional tests about the role of effector gains and loss through time and their effect on the overall pathogen fitness.