Abstract:
Elite athletes are caught in a dilemma between extreme physical and psychological demands, which often push the border of individual limits. At the same time, it is necessary for athletes to attain and maintain physical and mental health as a prerequisite to perfomance capability and functionality. This balancing act paired with the elite sport’s culture of risk creates the hazard of overload and consequential ill-health. Compared to physical issues, psychological exhaustion is less visible and more difficult to diagnose. In recent years, especially the burnout syndrome has become increasingly popular in the occupational context as well as in elite sports. However, there is still a lack of agreement regarding the risk and protective factors of athlete burnout. Moreover, the respective research in this field entails several theoretical, conceptual and diagnostic issues. Even after 40 years of burnout research, an agreed-upon definition with specific diagnostic criteria is still lacking. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that the overlap of burnout with recognised clinical disorders, such as depression, is still to be determined, even though these syndromes are often referred to synonymously. Therefore, the present dissertation aims to address the following questions: (1) Which predictors of burnout and depression are identifiable in elite sports and how do the two syndromes differ in this regard? (2) Is there a conceptual overlap of burnout and depression? To what extent do burnout and depression instruments measure the same construct? (3) Based on athlete data, is it possible to identify typical characteristics of athletes with particularly high burnout scores to form risk profiles? These questions are addressed on the base of a systematic review (study I) and studies II and III utilised data from the GOAL study („The German Young Olympic Athlete's Lifestyle and Health Management Study“) with 1,138 youth elite athletes from all Olympic disciplines. In study II, we analysed the conceptual overlap of burnout and depression by comparing four factor models with structure equation modelling. In study III, a classification tree analysis was employed to form groups with extremely high and low burnout symptomatology. The results of the review show that the predictors assessed in athlete samples in current literature differ between burnout and depression (Study I). Conceptually, results of the structural equation modeling show that burnout and depression share a common underlying factor (Study II). Further, results of the classification tree analysis indicated that burnout symptomatology is associated with specific combinations of risk characteristics (Study III). The present dissertation aims to contribute to deciphering the phenomenon of athlete burnout. Collectively, the conducted studies illustrate that previous research has evolved in two separate research traditions for burnout and depression in sport. However, this strict separation is not sufficiently supported by theoretical considerations. Therefore, the present dissertation aims to provide a first base for a potential joint perspective and to contribute to a constructive development of the field. Furthermore, on the base of our findings, guiding principles for future research and practice are derived.